نشریه زبان پژوهی
پیاپی 5 (پاییز و زمستان 1391)

The present paper is to study the usage of Persian deictic terms in the language relation of whole-blind and seeing people from a pure linguistic viewpoint. To do this, deictic terms and their types are firstly presented. Deictic terms as language instrument, have several usages. Because in a language communication between blind and seeing people, one of them has certainly no visual sense and blindness affects language relationship between them, especially usage of deictic terms. On this basis and in order to separate objective deictic terms from non-objective ones, Levinson (1983) category about types of deictic term is used in this paper. Moreover, the Persian deictic terms in language relation between whole-blind and seeing people and potential problems in this regard is described after a 5-month observation of 5 educated blinds. This study shows that all spatial deictic terms, some objective personal, social and temporal deictic terms create problems for blind listener in some aspects. Furthermore, the blind needs to have pre recognized the referent items by touching or listening sense. Since there are some limitation in this regard and specially in recognizing new objects, the blind prefers to less refer its around objects using deictic terms.

The present paper is firstly to define etymology from the viewpoint of historical linguistics, and then is to present a background of made etymology studies. Afterward, presenting types of etymology including wisely, quasi-wisely and folk, the folk etymology is discussed in detailed accompanying with some example of Iranian cultural field. These examples are Iranian toponyms which have labeled by non-Iranian roots for different reasons and purposes such as political issues, ethnic bias etc. in this paper, it is struggled to deliver their Iranian root. At the end, the purpose of this type of etymology, reasons of insisting on it by Iranian ethnics and also its consequences is discussed.

Tonal features and pitch accent model of clitic groups and phonological words show that these are two different phenomena. The difference is that the pitch accent model of H* is located on the last syllable in phonological word and on the syllable before clitic in clitic group. Therefore, clitic is independent of phonological word from tonal viewpoint. Also there is no sign of H-rising edge tone after the non-final AP; rather, the edge tone is L-and the rising of F0 on clitic is called Peak delay

one of the knowledge which has a close relationship with Quran is Nahv (grammar) knowledge. Although it has originated from Quran, it is a main factor for discovering and interpreting it. Among categories of this knowledge, phonology of Quran (I’rab) has its special place. That is, if Nahv is considered as the pillar of Quranic knowledge, I’rab will be its abridgment. That is why many scholars have researched this area and have attempted to preserve the language of this scripture through creating valuable works in this field. Studies on I’rab of Quran and prominent scholars in this field show that Nahhas and Okbari are among the greatest scholars whose theories are distinguished in interpretation and Nahv books. Therefore, the present study is to introduce Nahha’s ‘Irab al-Quran’ and Okbari’s ‘Emla’o ma Manna behe al-Rahman’ and to consider their writing method. It also compares their content with each other. Since Okbari lived two centuries after Nahhas, these two books have some differences besides their several similarities such as studying I’rab of Quran from the beginning and based on the sequences of the Surahs. In this research, samples of difference in three areas of I’rab, reading and verification are provided

This paper is an attempt to describe the speech of six year-old children within the Systemic Functional Grammar framework (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004) based on the textual metafunction theory. This kind of study is of importance since despite the significance of studying the Persian language, specifically spoken Persian in children’s speech area, the number of such studies is limited. The data of the present research includes more than 4200 simple and compound clauses. This spoken data for children was extracted from a research conducted between 1380-1384 entitled as “The Study of Iranian children’s Core Vocabulary” and was obtained from twenty new-entrance-to-primary-school Persian children in Tehran (including randomly selected ten girls and ten boys). Every story was illustrated by three or four colored and communicative pictures. The main results of this research show that: a) The simple clauses made 90 percent of the children’s speech, and compound clauses made only 10 percent of them. b) The occurrence rate of marked experiential theme in the speech of children was 18 percent. c) Subject pronoun deletion was a dominant, unmarked intent and its rate is about 55 percent. d) In the spoken language of children, the rate of using compound/multiple themes is 30 percent. e) The below hierarchy was observed in sequences of compound/multiple themes in spoken language of Persian children: textual-experiential (98%) > interpersonal-experiential (1/5 %) > Textual-interpersonal-experiential (0/5 %) f) The textual themes have been used in 98% of the compound/multiple themes. g) The most frequent textual themes were /ba’ad/ and its varieties and after that /digar/ and its varieties. h) The most frequent textual themes in the subordinate clauses were /ke/ and after that /ta/ which was used in a lower frequency. i) In the speech of children, the occurrence of interpersonal themes was only two percent amongst compound/multiple themes.

The present study looks at poetry and its translation from a Semiotic point of view within the framework of the Post- Structuralism School. Flickering and indeterminacy of signs in the open poetic discourse, intersemiotic and intertextual relation and cultural codes in poetic text, and relations between translation and semiosphere are considered in this study. Poetic translation is always disputable. One problem, which makes poetic translation difficult, is indeterminacy of sign cultural codes. Certainly, literal translation has no capability of conveying literary quality and in many translation, intersemiotic and intertextual relations and even the nature of signs is changed. The purpose of this study is to show that in translating a poem, some signs are maintained; some are converted to signs related to cultural codes of language; and some are removed. To do this, some poems of Sepehri, Forugh Farokhzad, shamloo and Nima Yushij translated by Karim Imami and Ahmad Mohit were studied to show that indeterminacy of sign intensify poetry translation. In the intercultural context, there are some common codes which make an extended sign context that is semiosphere. This is cultural and historical context-based atmosphere is semiosphere. In translation, the translator goes from one semiosphere to another.

Motivation means the existence of a code in from to get meaning. It directly leads us from the form to the meaning. It means that the relation of form and meaning is not always conventional and sometimes, this relation may be an iconic one. One type of motivation is motivation in compound words. A clear motivated compound word is a word that is possible to get the meaning of the whole word through meaning of its components. Some scholars believe that primary words of the human being were motivated, and over the period of time, the lexical motivation has been reduced due to phonetic changes and other variation. This study has a deeper and more detailed look at the phenomena. In order to investigate this hypothesis, 2800 content words from four texts with an outline of a journey from the present time have been extracted and motivation in compound words has been considered. Next, the results of these texts have been compared with the results of 2800 words of texts from 200 years ago in order to answer this question that since 200 years ago, Persian language words have been more transparent or vice versa. Comparison of the results of two time courses showed a meaningful increase in the number of semi motivated compound words in the present time in comparison with 200 years ago. But there is no significant increase in the number of motivated, non-motivated compound words and totally compound words. Therefore, it may be claimed that in the last 200 years, semi motivated compound words have become more motivated and more transparent

The present research studies act disorders of two Persian Broca and one Motor-Transcortical aphasic patients’ performance in oral reproduction of Persian simple nouns (e.g. Ketab); syntactic compounds (e.g. Katarband); and root compounds (e.g. Ketabkhaneh) through confrontation naming and repetition tasks in order to determine their approach to produce these nouns. In this research, there is a significant difference between the errors in using simple and compound nouns and also between the type of errors and semantic and syntactic heads of compound nouns. One of the country, there is no significant correlation between the degree of errors and the grammatical categories constituent of root and syntactic compound nouns. Both groups processed simple nouns holistically. The compound nouns were processed both holistically and in the decomposition model in naming confrontation tasks while they were processed only in the decomposition model in repetition.

Inflection in Mazandarani is one of the most important linguistic phenomena that no comprehensive research has been done about it yet and it has been always a lateral research subject. Doing such a research, however, has a great priority, because it can make clear the dark points of inflection in this language. In this regard, the present article, first, describes and studies the inflectional features of tense, person and number in simple verbs of Mazandarani. Then after a brief explanation about the inflection process and its fundamental concepts, it tries to identify these three features and different ways of their manifestation. By doing so, it is to make clear the unclear and dubious issues like the infinitive-marker suffix /essen/, inflections modality, inflectional prefixes modality, phonological changes caused by adding affixes to the verb stem, and finally the inflectional features of present perfect.

Persian transitive verbs act differently in terms of the appearance of "ra " with their object (Tabibzadeh, 1385). In this paper, the author is to answer the question whether or not there is any relationship between the different behavior of transitive verbs and their aspect as a semantic feature. For this purpose, forty Persian transitive verbs have been listed and classified according to Vendler (1957;1967) and Rothstein (2004) and using classification aspect. Furthermore, the different behavior of these verbs in terms of the appearance of "ra " and whether it is related to their aspect-based classification is studied. The result of this research confirmed the relationship, and showed the object of accomplishment, achievement and activity verbs can be used with "ra " or without it, but the object of state verbs necessarily must be used with "ra ". so the different behavior of transitive verbs in terms of the appearance of "ra " with their object can be explained according to their aspect.