فصلنامه مطالعات شهر ایرانی اسلامی
پیاپی 10 (زمستان 1391)

The BAZAAR (Market) is one of the components of Iranian and Islamic cities which is located beside the mosque and Arg of the state in Iranian cities. As urban spaces in Iran formed by interaction with social and cultural processes and affected by them، the BAZAAR also affected by the process of modernization and modernity، and reproduce modernity. Thus the City and Market، as one of the main components of the modernization process faced with changes. In this research the BAZAR of Tehran was studied as one of the Iranian and Islamic cities by analyzing documents and using survey research methods from the year 1989 onwards. The results indicated that the Bazaar of Tehran experienced a metamorphosis and transformation in the process of modernization. The alternative markets in competition with main markets were formed and with transformation of values، the necessity of adjoining market and mosque was lost. On the other side، Market mixed with recreation and leisure spaces and reproduced modern and new forms of marketing in modern Tehran. As a result، not only spatial organization of the BAZAAR was changed from centralized form of market in to fragmented form، but also the functions of BAZAAR transformed from traditional form in to multi-functional Passage and commercial complex with widespread sphere of influence.

In this paper the design principles of «Mohallahs» (Traditional Persian-Islamic Neighborhood) in the Islamic cities since the beginning of Islam، are examined briefly. Then the role of mosque as one of the important factors that defines the physical dimensions and also meet the needs of the social، political، cultural and residential sectors of the city، was determined. This research has been done through descriptive and analytical method by analyzing mentioned principles of «Mohallahs» design، compared with the planning and design principles of neighborhood units that first of all offered by American planners in 1911. Conclusion of this research has shown superiority of design principles of «Mohallahs» in Persian-Islamic cities with having Mosque، «Hoseiniah»، «Tekyeh» and other religious buildings as their centers and hub of their socio/cultural activities. Studying of «Mohallahs» in the old Persian-Islamic cities of Iran proves the sustainability، durability and significant role of mosque for quality dimensions of city designing and social issues in compare with neighborhood unit in the west. The study of Persian-Islamic advices also indicates Islam as a religion has many advices as for as neighborhood design is concerned. Finally on the bases of Quranic verses and «Hadiths»، especially the valid statement by Imam Ali (AS) and conclusion derived from study of existing traditional Persian-Islamic «Mohallahs»، a new modal has been proposed for Persian-Islamic «Mohallah». A central car free square with respect to social dimensions with all required، land uses and activities all around it was also proposed. The mosque and other religious and socio/cultural buildings are the focal points of this «Mohallah». The central urban space of the «Mohallah» has walkable accessibility from farther points all around it. The functional radius of the purposed «Mohallah» on the bases of the mentioned «Hadiths» is about 400 to 500 meters and its population can be about 3500 to 4000 persons. This model can be used for designing of contemporary residential «Mohallah» in new towns and extension areas of existing cities in future.

Entering modern urban thinking in context of past cities have caused to emerging so many new spaces that passing time could not create a background for connecting it with urban citizens. At the same time، despite of some structural and physical conflicts with traditional texture، have gradually made relationship with individuals daily life and their enduring values. This research follows urban spatial analytical methods to investigate them accordance with the spirit of the times. It hopes to by analysis these patterns، we can get true perception about impacts of mention phenomenon on “context reviewing”. Indeed، Context reviewing means that contact perception along the time in built spaces can connect with their enduring values and daily life. Urban design is expected to propose a process which leads to changing a context. By the way، different supposition spaces will be produced and gradually they will make contact with own social structural and actions of actors. Mention research aim by using “Phenomenal meaning of authenticity” thesis that simultaneously have been resulted by “subjective spaces” and “objective spaces”. So it contributes to dealing with Islamic cites by considering analysis and interpretation structural as a tool for investigating urban spaces meaning. In conclusion، it can present a new attitude and pattern to explaining and interpreting in urban spaces in all periods regarding as factors and necessary facilities.

The city، by itself، is a collection of buildings، avenues and spiritless exhibitions of the technology of the new world. In fact، organizations make city management and responding to the needs of the citizens possible. The environment of the city، management developmental plans، arrangement of city furniture، transportation، expulsion and recycling of the waste، city advertisements، offering different services، production، distribution، commerce، education، culture and hundreds of other issues are unavoidable missions in the city، the organizing of each of which requires organizations. Since the political system of the country is based upon the religious values، the civilization of Islamic system (Islamic city)، undoubtedly needs organization with revolutionary and religious identity as well as conventional organizations as it was explained. ACECR is one of the typical organizations of this kind which dates back to the Islamic Revolution، and considering its faithful and revolutionary personnel، and also the special identity of the missions and revolutionary and academic goals which have been anticipated in its statue، it can be called an Islamic organization. The aim of this research is the recognition of the dimensions and indicators of organizational culture in ACECR as a typical Islamic organization. Organizational culture is a scheme consisting of the common values and beliefs which lead to personal norms and behaviors. The recognition of the dimensions and indicators of organizational culture in this foundation can be used as a scheme in other conventional organizations with educational and cultural identity، and it can be efficient in the improvement of the efficiency of Islamic city. The research method is heuristic combinational، because first considering the interviews and derivation of the qualitative data and obtaining the schematic dimensions it is qualitative، and then considering the utilization of survey research method it is quantitative. The research findings has correctly determined the dimensions and indicators of organizational culture، and reveals the weak and strong points of the organization and paves the way for more accurate planning in the future.

The tile setting or tiling art in Iran has roots in the ceramic/pottery art. The human civilization from innovation and construction until the evolution phase has been started with terra cotta. The record of ceramics attained from the hillocks of Esmaeil Abad and the surroundings of Qazvin/Ghazvin area ends to the 5th millennium B. C. The ceramics pottery discovered from the hills of Hassanloo and Marlik expresses the 3rd and 1st centuries B. C، respectively. These potteries have been prepared by pure clay/pottery soil، and picture drawing on high quality glaze and essential baking of them. Block shaped and thick tiles in the form of cubic rectangles with concavity/pit and projection، plants images، soldier man and bravo soldiers، winged lion men، tigers etc with black، dark green، grey، brown and orange yellow discovered from Shoush، express the high value and place of tile baking as well as the tile manufacturing during the period of Achaemenians. Ceramic tiles have “the face and height of patterns” from the castle of Nishabour، “mosaic tile work” of Sassanid period has brought the precious phenomenon in to existence for mankind. The tile works from 4th and 5th centuries after Islam as well of Saljoughi and their post era، with turquoise and azure colors in addition to the knot paintings، lines and decorating elements of “graphics and sequence”، have left the memorial values for Iranian architecture، such as the pillars of Ali mosque and camel driver in Esfahan. From Ilkhanis period the art of mosaic tiles and single colored geometrical turquoise and azure tiles، were the great gift/memento and the start of transformation of tiling and tiles manufacturing art that has left behind the artistic works of Soltaniyeh dome، Pirbakran، respectively. The tile work of Timorians، from mosaic tiles with arabesque drawings، line، especially three rowed building tiles and many other buildings، glorious phenomenon such as: the tomb of Timore، central mosque of Gohar Shad etc have been constructed and built for the architecture of Iran and the Islamic world that also motivated the transformations in tiling art during the post periods of architecture.

Nowadays، most views about urban issues come from a context of fragmented thinking. Though، different people decided to find a new framework for facing issues by use of concepts considered in quantum physics like the concept of wholeness. Real history of this concept goes back to philosophy and mysticism of east، and its representation is observable in Iranian-Islamic cities. In this paper، wholeness as a theory is considered for encountering with arising problem in urban design. The concept of wholeness is reviewed as a major principle in Iranian-Islamic cities by qualitative approach and comparative analysis. In this analysis، ideas of scientists such as Alexander and others، who studied Iranian-Islamic cities، were regarded. Therefore، with the purpose of introducing this concept، first، history and definition of wholeness and then its correspondence with Iranian-Islamic urban design is discussed. Finally، with study of Esfahan in Safaviyyeh period as an instance of wholeness، accuracy of this claim would be proven. Esfahan in that period was the outcome of rich relations between natural and man-made structures. In this case، by the support of subjective wholeness governs mind of traditional man، strong centers were formed in confronting and the overlap points of structures، which intensify the wholeness of the city.

Good residential environments are the supporter of human activities. Rapid growth of cities in last few decades caused to decline quality of environments in old districts of cities and these environments are not able to respond to the human needs. Sanglaj as an old neighborhood in Tehran now is faced with inefficiency and decline environmental quality. This Paper is seeking to assessment residential environmental quality and exploring its effective factors in an old neighborhood. The method used in this paper is using by establishing objective-subjective assessment system by user’s viewpoint and physical data. The results of the paper indicate residential environment quality in Sanglaj is about median (3.09). T-test shows meaningful differences between environmental quality and theoretical median and between two aspects. The test indicates objective quality (2.84) is lower than physical quality (3.14). There are correlations between objective and subjective sub-criteria. Hierarchical multiple regression indicates housing quality is more effective in defining quality and Social-cultural sub-criteria have most effects in overall neighborhood quality (based on β). Spatial analysis indicates quality declining near Bazaar in the east of neighborhood. Based on results of assessments objective and subjective problems and priorities indentified and proportional suggestions are showed.

The superficial appearance of Julfa district in Isfahan، like other historical districts، has witnessed various changes in its texture over time. Despite numerous potential of the district، due to lack of necessary facilities and appropriate measures، the physical identity of the area is facing threats. In this study، while introducing the concepts of identity and physical identity as determining factors، their role and values are addressed. The necessity of carrying out research and physical and visual studies in the texture are further discussed and the different views and theories of urban scholars in the context of urban landscaping are introduced and analyzed. Thus the current study aims at investigating the factors affecting the visual system and physical identity of historic district of Julfa in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the historic texture and elaborate on the ways in which the identity of the area is preserved through appropriate planning and development.

The cities with warm & dry climate in Iran، has always been accompanied by condensed physical texture and main elements such as mosques، markets، plazas and water reservoirs. The water reservoir is the element that it has been usually seen in cities with warm & dry or humid climates. Many of the researchers have studied only the details and appearance of water reservoirs and have not surveyed the role of this element in spatial structure of historical cities. The aim of this study is to survey the role of water reservoirs in spatial structure of historical cities in Iran. As regards the wide ranges of these similar cities are in Iran، this study specifically focused on two cities of Yazd and Lar. The methodology of this study is comparative analysis based on Library resources and field observations. Research findings show that although water reservoirs have a physical presence in urban spaces of Yazd and Lar city، but the impact of this element is more in spatial structure of Lar city. Locating in central zone of every neighborhood، water reservoirs have formed a radial network and stellar structure of roads and accessibilities. Also the orientation of residential units has changed according to the central location of water reservoir in every neighborhood. While water reservoirs in the city of Yazd do not have much impact in shaping the basic structure and in addition، the space around the water reservoirs do not associated with other public spaces.

From long ago، “house” was something more than just a shelter and the spiritual aspects could be seen in every step، from construction to the usage. But nowadays، ignoring the quality as well as spiritual requirements of the inhabitants while considering the economical and functional factors، result in reducing the role of houses in devoting the identification to the human beings، to the extent which one of the regardless issues in programming and designing process of the houses appear to be the cultural values. From the authors’ point of view، making use of our ancestors’ experiences in designing the identified houses، today known as “Iranian houses”، seems to be helpful in overcoming the current situation. The paper is a case study research with a combinational method that has the descriptive، analytical and logical reasoning research methods. Therefore، in this article، the authors tried to investigate the valuable concepts of traditional Iranian houses، relied on the particular lifestyle by the means of direct observation، field study، documents review and interviewing with some of the traditional houses inhabitants. Thus، for identification of “life”، indicators such as family and lifestyle are discussed and the data resulting from the questionnaires is listed. The results show that there was correct relation between the building and the inhabitants’ “life style” in traditional houses. In this way، the association between “the life” and some of the important factors found in the Iranian houses، including nature، group living، space flexibility، neighbors، beauty etc. are explained to achieve a comprehensive viewpoint of Iranian houses.