فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پیاپی 15، تابستان 1391)

The historical city of Isfahan is the most valuable works, some of which are internationally recognized and some others are still unknown and far from the experts, managers and custodians, to slowly Mynhnd destruction. ¬ A Corpus of anatomical and geographical importance in the life of the city's tourism industry, centered historic - it is cultural. The Aspects of one, three, five and six of the city, and with the longitudinal extension of about 6 km, nearly 399 of his place in cultural history and cultural heritage of the Fourth National Congress Policy Council is a national register. This was the introduction of the national record for a world record in the UNESCO World Heritage List, which shows great potential in this city is attracting tourists from around the world. The results show the formation of the historical - cultural - of normal skeletal development in the city of seven courses. First period: the emergence of primary nuclei, Second period: The Rise of Islam, Third period: Buwayhid and Seljuk, forthperiod: Safavi, fifth period: Afghans to the Qajar era, the sixth - seventh Pahlavi period: Isfahan Today is the aim of the study, explained The evolution of the cultural - historical, it introduced a variety of tourism attractions and its role in development of sustainable tourism in the city's future prospects

Undoubtedly today public participation in rural development the most direct, the lowest-cost and most desirable strategy is rural development literature, however, its application in a variety of challenges facing rural planning. The purpose of the study to identify population characteristics of participate people in rural areas and effectiveness of these features is the participation of villagers. Methods In this descriptive - analytical and solidarity which is the main part of the data based on field studies and sampling (Cochrane) of 460 household sample surface area was collected. The results show a no significant relationship with participation and population (0.473), therefor the size of the population in rural areas is largely dependent on natural factors and human functions such as service levels to enjoy the rural population, has less impact. The age range of individual variables with the 0.116 has the greatest impact on amount of participation. Literacy variable as non-direct impact on participation rates and the literacy rate is -0.44. Participation rate (1.74) in the region is less than expected, demographic variables of age and directly with the ratio of 0.116, education and jobs are indirectly affected by their participation. The only way to advance the development of collaborative results, provide areas of cooperation such as training and facilitation experience with participatory rules

In Sustainable tourism planning, sustainability approaches have grown for increasing of international concerns about ecological issues that seems planning for sustainability approach is a perfect model for maintaining of natural and cultural attractions. With attention to importance of tourism industry in present age and its income for the country, the strategic studies and recognition of grounds and challenges of development of this industry are essential affairs about sustainable development, especially in charismatic areas of arid and desert. Accordingly, in this paper according to the existence of great natural and cultural and historical attractions of Yazd city, the first, the internal and external factors of affecting this industry are explained according to stability aspects and then by using of AHP techniques and using of Expert Choice software, the degree of importance of strengths and weaknesses and also the opportunities and threats are calculated, evaluated and ranked and finally by using SWOT chart, the strategy type is determined. The results indicate that the aggressive pattern is effective model of sustainable tourism system of Yazd city that with using of this pattern can guarantee targets of sustainable tourism in this Territory.

The category of Learning and teaching always has been such a unique position in Iran, That according to The history, This territory has been the source of culture and art, since ancient times and it has presented many art works and constructions and cultural and artistic characters to the world. The old Fashioned primary schools (Maktab-khanen), instruction institutes in fire- temples, remains muddy tablets and much of other examples before Islam admit this issue. After Islam it transformed in a good mood. At first, mosques, in addition to religious function, were brought up as teaching centres too. after a while as well as these places, Islamic schools, as other institutes, founded for acquisition of science. These institutes, in each period, according to a certain government, passed some ascension and descending grades until they acquired the highest position in Safavid period (which it will bring up in this discourse), in a way that, the capital city of that period, in other word, Isfahan, mentioned as a "East sciences home" or "Darol elme-e-sharq". It’s necessary to say that discussion about schools at different ages and its decline and progress, the architectural styles and need to detailed writing. There for, we are going to study this category in according to title of essay in domination period of Safavid dynasty, that Isfahan styles in architecture and city planning is obviously effective.

Spatial, zonal and regional inequality is typical inequality that has negative consequences. This kind of inequality deprives the best exploitation of space and causes the concentration of geographical unenjoyment. It also makes impossible the planned allocation of resources and has important role in unplanned migration and finally makes difficult to achieve the balanced development. Examination of situation of Ardabil Province´s townships in the basis of existence of equilibrium or lack of it according to the development indices, finding of manner of inequality (if it exists) and identification of prosperous and deprived zones in this province and finally determining of planning preferences in order to decreasing of distances between counties and zonal balances creation were objects of this research. This research is based in this hypothesis that development levels between Ardabil province´s townships has not balanced pattern and there is regional inequalities in this province. To examine this subject we used statistics and results of 1986, 1996 and 2006 Public Census and then 40 economic, cultural, infrastructural and health-remedial indices were extracted. Regional inequality between townships were studied with this 40 indices and using Numerical Taxonomy, Williamson Index and Entropy Coefficient. The findings indicate that Ardabil township due to official and political centrality had better situation in this time period and was prosperous township and Moghan and Nir townships were the most deprived. From nine townships in this province, Ardabil had a middle level of development and 6 townships named Khalkhal, Parsabad, Namin, Kousar, Meshkinshahr and Bilesovar were deprived and finally Moghan(Germi) and Nir counties were the most deprived. So planning in order to inequality decreasing in Ardabil Province is necessary and unavoidable.

The rural regions due to global, national and regional processes ever opens to changes, and this changes can be evaluates the structure and function in rural regions. In a few recent decades these changes intensified and restructured the rural life diverse dimensions. Thus study of functional changes in rural regions and explanation the factors affect these changes and also theirs planning and management are very necessary and important. The object of this research is explanation of functional changes in rural regions using the life cycle. The study area is Firuzjah County and located in Babol Township. Research method is descriptive and analytic and required data is gathered by documental methods using census data and then completed by field study and household questionnaire and finally analyzed by statistical methods The results indicate decrease of agriculture activities, rural migration and depopulation in a few recent decades that of course many of villages before the full depopulation renewable again in recent decade through increase tourism activities.

The dynamic of rivers from problems is river border in country and effect on border line change.This problem conclution geopolitical and polotical and economical effects. Meandering Haryrud in down river from Pole– Khaton to Sarrakhs (more long 80 km) leading border line changes. The important of problem: Demolation of border index, disaster of settelment and roads and Gaspipline and soil erosion, in two decades is nambers rivers border in Northeast of country (intance: Haryrud, Sombar, Attrac) have riverbed change and problems of geopolitical and economical. Neverless is neccesary rivers border management from joint works country side in this paper result anthropogenic factors from importance meandering and bed borders in area.

Any country may plan for its economic development. This development planning is formulated based on the characteristics of an area and, regarding the capabilities of the area, meets certain results. The researchers tried in the present paper to study the role of the geopolitical element on the formulation of the regional development of Chabahar with respect to the specific geopolitical situation of Chabahar Free Zone. So, research question is: What is the role of geopolitical situation of Chabahar Free Zone in the formulation of its regional development? The research hypothesis follows as: It seems that geopolitical situation of Chabahar Free Zone plays a significant role in the formulation of its regional development. research methodology is descriptive-analytic. It is an applied research. It was collected through librarian studies and documents.

Population growth rapid trend in 50 and 60 decades, has subjected planers and governors in many basic, critical and service needs that in this case lead to adopting policies and many plans in the form of developmental plans and controlling population in the form of establish equilibrium of population, aftar that country experienced deep change by influence of qualitative and quantitative transition in recent decades. Establish equilibrium of population with constant extension is basic goals of each government that dont pay attention to it keep away country to constant extension, in this way in preparing and logistics plan for solve logistic problems and country space extension, population renewed distribution policy has been emphasized –for this end for solving Tehran, Mazandaran and Golestan logistic problems that because of space saturation cause to political, social – economical problems and ecological and for this reason has been paid attention to semnan province that placed in the near its and its population and economic activities is low – for index in logistic program all country and in the semnan province policy of saturated population attraction and excess and surplus of mentioned provinces in Semnan has been emphasized with undertaking part of servical and industrial activities of these provinces – with regarding to expiring time horizon of logistic plan execution, in this article with using comparison – analytical method, Semnan logistic plan function for achieving to presented qualities and quantities desired objectives have been criticism. Study results showed a kind of week plan function different factors also has been effective in this failure that conation some national and regional dimensions. In sum for some ill-matching and insufficiency in logistic plan specially effective non – execution of plan, country logistic problems in regional and national level since 1355 unstill now notably don’t removed but also has been intensified in some cases.

In the Middle East, Iraq has highest religious and cultural proximity with Iran. Regime change in Iraq creates the dual status of threats and opportunities to Islamic Republic of Iran's diplomacy in this country. Enjoying the cultural tools to achieve foreign policy goals have always centered on relations between countries. This is highlighted in recent decades and political changes in Iraq since2003 create Opportunity for Islamic Republic of Iran to expand its relations with Iraq and the cultural proximity of the two countries will benefit the nation interest. On this basis, the present paper deals with the study of Iran’s cultural diplomacy in Iraq. challeng facing Iran: conflict group, the turbidity of eight year war between the two nation and in the region: Arabic countries rival with Iran. This paper concludes that religion is the most leverage Iran cultural diplomacy in Iraq.

The geography values provided opportunity for political players in general as personal or group. These geographical values or element’s included: geographical place and space، spatial and individual patterns which is obvious in political desirability and to take in to consideration of players. In other words they obtain political form and in these manner to obtain geopolitical entities. Iran and Iraq located in the geostrategic Middle East region and prospering special position and conditions in some ways favored by world powers. But geographical values and elements is not identical with others and Iran to be preferred to Iraq. The main object of this thesis is considering of geopolitical position، elements and values of Iran and Iraq and recognition of two countries positions in which is concluded by analytical and descriptive research methods that this terms and elements in comparison with Iraq is more desirable in Iran.

Nowadays, the problem of drug abuse is one of the greatest troubles throughout the world. Addiction is one of the factors in emergence of many of social harms and individual and family perturbations. The aim of this study is the evaluation of marginalization’s effect on the expansion of drug abuse with regard to a theoretical-interpretive pattern and also tries to introduce the role of marginalization as the main factor in the expansion of drug abuse. The research methods were predicative and survey and the needed information were gathered through taking notes and using a questionnaire on a sample of 208 people which were the residents of Islamshahr’s Golestan suburb. The sample was taken with a two-staged probable sampling technique. The analysis of data was performed with a descriptive and inferential statistics and also with the help of appropriate non-parametric statistics such as Spearman and Mann-Whitney. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between people’s base, the amount of people’s relationship with deviants, ethnic acceptance and the amount of drug abuse. Also, there was a significant difference between the amounts of anomy, drug abuse, the amount of their relationship with the deviants between the marginalized and non-marginalized groups of people. The research findings showed that after people moving to the suburb areas of Tehran and reside in a suburb lige Islamshahr’s Golestan, they invite their families to migrate and concerning that through this process the ethnicity could grow, so it would be considered as one of the most effective factors in people’s tendencies toward drug abuse.

Cities and the urbanization process in Iran in recent decades has been enormous change. So that during the past three decades Number and spatial dimensions of urban development has been unprecedented. Isfahan as well as one of the largest provinces of this Evolution has not gone unnoticed, The Province, Due to special geographical position in the Central Plateau, established in a paved area and extending along the river, initial population has been long established bed. This research analyzes Demographic Evolutions in Isfahan during 1365, 1375 and 1385. Our methodology is based on documentary methods, analytical and descriptive, the software EXCEL, SPSS; GIS in order to deliver results and achieve the research objectives have been used. The results of this study indicate Evolutions in Isfahan urban population is not only the natural increase of economic factors, political and social Evolutions the rapid growth of population and its impact has happened in three decades. Unbalanced and disproportionate spatial distribution services, utilities and industries in the province has a population of not only the volatility. It has led to inconsistency and regional disparities. Serious challenge that must be consistent with the vision and the like in order to organize and manage the logical step.