فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 17، زمستان 1391)

The purpose of this research is to conduct the strategic evaluation and to present the optimal strategies for the tourism sector of Kermanshah within the framework of sustainable tourism development approach. The research method used in the present analysis is analytical- descriptive and data was gathered based on survey and library - documentation methods. Moreover, QSPM and SWOT were the analytical tools of the study. Throughout the research process, in addition to analysis of data collected from various sources and field investigations, the findings were classified and gathered using the SWOT tool and in order to determine the target strategic position, internal and external factors were prioritized and the kind of quad strategies were determined in line with the fulfillment of the goals of the study. Finally, strategic priorities were determined using QSPM. The results show that for sustainable development of tourism, Kermanshah province is encountering with more strengths than weaknesses. However, in terms of external environmental is facing with stronger threats that in the event of the adoption and implementation of ST strategies, particularly making effort I order to restore and illustrate the advantage of the historic attractions and local customs in national and international community’s one can achieve better results.

The first step for the proper use of the natural and cultural resources for tourism development is planning. In this regard, by determining the carrying capacity, it would be possible to help for setting management policies for tourism development and reduction of adverse environmental effects.The ancient castle of Ghale Roudkhan in Fouman as a national recorded case due to its specific location welcomes many tourists annually. The aim of this research is to study and determine the amount of physical, realistic and effective capacity for an appropriate planning for this tourist place. Research method is the usage of for determining the range of capacity due to the regional indicators. The results has shown, the indicate a range of physical capacity equivalent to 2315925 tourist a year, realistic capacity equivalent to 1047915 visitors each year and effective capacity equivalent to 702260tourists a year. Due to the capacity of the effective range as the most practical range of capacities, Tourism in the ancient castle “Ghale Rudkhan” with the amount of tourists in is approximately one-fifth of the amount of its effective capacity and this demonstrates the high potential of the Castle which can be considered as one of the major attractions for attracting tourists by proper planning and management.

Cities with abundant tourist attractions are always a lot of tourists are attracted to her hand. The spatial analysis of existing tourism facilities in urban areas of the surface leads to an imbalance in the distribution of tourism facilities should be better and planning for its equitable distribution and access to community services for all persons concerned, to be achieved nicely. The research aims to investigate how the spatial distribution of tourism services in the urban areas. Statistical Society, the fourteen districts of the city. This type of development - and its applications"- descriptive and quantitative analysis" is. In this study, 39 of the factor analysis are summarized and reduced to eight factors and the effects of each factor in the development of tourism services in certain areas Finally, the level of regions classified using the model of Maurice in five groups (very high, high, average, poor, very poor) are classified level. Through regression relation between factors influencing the degree of enjoyment, that the agent was effective in increasing levels of development of tourism services. The results show that the distribution is not balanced and possibilities of tourism in urban areas in some urban areas is indicative of the focus of this service. So that a total of 14 urban districts, District 6 with 0.99at very high levels and areas 8 and 14 respectively with 0.23 and 0.18 at the surface are very deprived.

Comparative advantage is one of efficient tools for decision making in production and as a result in regional development. It is important because of two dimensions of import substitution and export development. In this study, It has been discussed, the economic importance of cereals using internal resources cost indicators (DRC), the social net profit (NSP) and the social cost benefit (SCB) has. Access information is achieved using Release by Organization of Agriculture in North Khorasan province, websites and completing a questionnaire randomly for each grain in each city to calculate the production cost. Based on the results of the comparative advantage indices, were observed in all city water wheat province, wheat and Manet and the city of Bojnourd, mane and Samalqan, barley water in all the city except the city of Bojnourd, dry climate of the city and Mane and Samlaqan, Bojnourd, paddy and corn in two city Mane and Samalqan and have comparative advantage and Bojnourd. Also in North Khorasan Province whole grains have a comparative advantage. The first priority is produced wheat with water to. According to the results it can felt the appropriate decisions necessary to promote exports of products with comparative advantage and the necessary actions to improve performance, production efficiency and reduce production costs for products without comparative advantage.

The aim of this study is simulation of energy request in the future decades for the section of heating and cooling houses by calculating the degree-day index. Therefore, eight stations in the northwest of Iran have been chosen and analyzed that includes (Tabriz, Ardabil, Orumia, Kermanshah, Hamedan, Sanandaj, Ghazvin and Zanjan). Since the northern areas are the coldest regions in the country and require more heating energy than other regions, this issue has caused more recognition of these regions for energy request in the heating part and the possible changes of cooling energy request in future decades which could be an influential help for energy planners and supplanting risk management with crisis management. So, to reach this aim, for recognizing the impact of climate change in the future decades and simulation of degree-day values HADCM3 GCM and A1 scenarios have been used. Since daily data in each station had been required for this study, LARS-WG model has been used for downscaling of temporal and local maximum and minimum temperature. This study concentrates on two time scales that include past period timescale (1961-1990) and future period timescale (2011-2100). The results of air temperature simulation have shown an increase of 1.42ºCg rate in air temperature in the northwest of Iran for the long average term (2011-2100) in comparison to 1961-1990. The most increase of air temperature for Ardabil (2.85ºCg) and the least of this in Zanjan (0.44ºCg) will be predicted. The results of this simulations show a decrease of total heating energy requirement in rate of 2502 degree-day calories and an increase of cooling energy requirement in rate of 825 degree-day calories for the average of 90 (2011-2100) years in the future. Therefore, by the expansion of warm seasons and the limitation of cold seasons in the year, the energy consumption for ventilation and cooling will be continued and most of this energy consumption for cooling sections will be related to regions such as Tabriz and Orumia.

In this paper, the author has attempted to give a clear account of the socioeconomic difficulties facing the Shahsavan Tribe while as far as possible avoiding being subjective and presumptuous. The studies carried out towards this end are based on the strategic importance of the region and the developments of the recent few decades and finally certain suggestions have been offered for improvement of conditions. The paper presents a summary of the history of the tribe and the region over which the tribe is spread and within which it migrates and the ecological characteristics of this region. It also remarks on the demographical characteristics of the Tribe in question. The main emphasis, however, has been laid upon the effects of the executive policies of the Iranian governments before and after the Islamic Revolution on the structure of the tribe as well as the effects of the Moghan Parsabad Industry and Agriculture Co on the fragility of the tribe and the effects of the neighboring country, the Republic of Azerbaijan, on the various issues facing the Shahsavan Tribe. The establishment of a US military base in the Republic of Azerbaijan and its effects on the conditions in Islamic Republic of Iran and thus naturally on the Shahsavan Tribe whose center of population concentration is close to the Republic of Azerbaijan, have also been discussed.

The main purposes of current research is zoning of agricultural development in Fars province in order to identify spatial pattern of development explain causative factors of differences of regional agricultural development. So a set of 87 agricultural development indices is constructed and selected, consisting five dimensions 1) social;-cultural, 2) structural-performance, 3) technical-management, 4) economical, and 5) infrastructural-services. Data gathered from result of agricultural census 2003, statistical yearbook of Fars province from 2004-2006. Then via application of Composite Index approach zoning techniques of GIS spatial pattern of agricultural development in county level is mapped both for final composite index and five sub-indices. Final result indicated that the whole province is divided into three macro agricultural development regions named based on their basic and common characteristics of its counties and causative factors of its development and underdevelopment as follow: first level consisted two counties named agricultural development area based on urban market, services and industry, second level included five counties labeled peripheral agricultural area and third level consisted 15 counties named peripheral nonagricultural area, as high developed regions reflect direction for achievement future advance in sustainable agricultural development of low developed regions.

Parks are the public places where are used mostly. It is necessary that besides their widespread use, the most facilities are established in them to do optimum use them. The handicapped have priority over other in the use of green space due to their physical, mental and motor problems. The level and the kind of facilities established, accessibilities, providing a local bed to present the handicapped and self-sacrifices especially the physically – motor handicapped, time and duration of use, and local– spatial distribution of parks are the issues that should be considered in studies. Kerman confronts many problems related to green space. Since the green space of city hasnot on appropriate local– spatial distribution and there is not any facilities needed for using the handicapped in them, and they are not available, so it is necessary that minimum conditions provided in parks. In this article, some important parks of kerman are studied and evaluated given to the necessary standards for using the handicapped and self-sacrifices. The research findings show that the minimum conditions are not provided in parks, because only one park of 23parks studied has the needed facilities for the use of the handicapped and self-sacrifices. The research method is descriptive-analytic, data analysis was performed by using GIS, the results obtained show their inappropriate conditions and unbalanced distribution. Finally, some solutions have been provided to do service better to the handicapped and self-sacrifices in parks.

Rapid trend of urbanization in developing countries and urban converting to major living center, intensification in globalization trend, decreasing of states governmental role, increasing in the traditional, concentrated, non-competitors, management systems deficiencies in developing countries necessitates transformation in urban management system and moving toward new pattern in urban management and planning in this countries that names movement from urban government to urban good governance (GUG) in the urban political organization renovation literature. The prime principle of GUG is power, qualification and responsibilities distribution between urban multiple beneficiaries that reaching to this purpose in the developing countries situation, specially our country(Iran) need to impower the local governments and transform in their administrational-political structure toward more participation of people and nongovernmental sector in urban changes guidance and management. the findings of this study shows that GUG pattern approaching in Iran faces with abundant legal, political and cultural challenges in macro, middle and micro levels that the most important of them are national centralization, loss of civil society and absence of citizenship concept in our country planning and management system that has faced country planning and management with multiple challenges at current situation.

In recent decades, the villages of country have been confronted with lot of issues and problems such as Unemployment growth, income decrease, immigration and etc. To solve the problems of villages, at first, should identify the talents and potentials of them by a way of scientific model & method and then, offer appropriate solutions for using the capacities. The purpose of this research is study and identify of economical potential talents of Kahak villages between from the year 1389 up to 1390. The Indices used for the analysis of capabilities are in two parts of geographic and economic and the present situation has been evaluated with 10 indicators. The model used for grouping of opportunities, threats, weaknesses and strengths in rural economy of region is Strategic Planning Model. It has been used for identifying the components of model, from the expert opinions related to the topic (in executive organizations), university professors and rural managers and previous researches. These groups, as for his expert opinions, have been rating the factors which have affection on the rural economy. The necessity of investigate of mentioned Capabilities for achieving the goals of rural development and ultimately, achieving the goals of economic development of country is considered as the essentiality of this study. The main goal of this study is to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats which is ahead of Kahak region's rural economy and offer appropriate strategies in the way of economy of Kahak region’s flourishing. The studied population consisted of 15 rural managers, 60 experts and scholars of executive organizations that have participated in filling out of the questionnaires. The results of the SWOT analysis is presented in more than 27 strategies that at the end, expressed some recommendations for implementing of them.

Spatial planning of border areas is very important for Iran due to its long borders and the placement of more than half of its provinces in the country's international borders with neighboring countries. Due to Iran's sensitive international relations with its neighbors, spatial planning of boarders has a special place in the country's planning system. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the significant role of planning in the border areas. This involves identifying problems, solutions, their key elements and components, the interactions among these elements with other elements of country planning, and illustrating the importance and necessity of addressing the border areas.This paper studies was methods and analyses pertaining to two aspects in the border areas, they are development and security. These two aspects are shown to be correlated with each other. Also, it is illustrated that the severity of the imbalance between planning in border and interior areas has significant influence on the national development of Iran. In other words, underdevelopment in boarder areas leads to insecurity in border areas, which in turn leads to underdevelopment and insecurity in the whole country. Subjective and objective obstacles that have many negative impacts on this spatial planning have been identified. Border regions are planning to remove these barriers, and providing a kind of spatial planning - leading to strategic, integrated and sustainable development, unity, integrity of the nation.

In this paper, tourism industry would be analyzed as one of the most powerful industries all over the country and at the end, some suggestions will be presented. First of all, tourism industry strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and treatments were studied and then by formulating the suitable and related strategies in economical, political, social and marketing dimensions, SWOT matrix was planned. After distributing questionnaire among experts and drawing QSPM matrix, the best strategies for improving the tourism industry market situation were recognized that include in direct order: structuring for much more investment from private sector with government protections (2.33), 1. Improving tourism areas and planning for developing ones (2.28), 2. Providing required and favorite facilities for tourists specially attending to tourism attraction and focus on water sports and climbing (2.195).

Some thinkers considered the 21st century as the century of tourism, a clean, smokeless industry that has a great influence on countries’ development. Due to its attractions and unique travel destinations, Iran has a great potential for making use of the benefits of this industry. However, the country’s tourism industry has not been developed properly. One of the reasons for this problem, as experts believe, is lack of quality and talent employees in the industry. This should be dealt with by managers through strategic human capital planning in order to attract high-quality employees. Strategic human capital planning is a comprehensive, structured approach for the process of analysing the number and the kind of talented employees that an organisation or an industry requires in accordance with its current and future strategic directions. The authors have dealt with this process in terms of identification and explanation of factors affecting such planning attempts in Iranian tourism industry. This paper has been organised around this goal and conducted using exploratory mixed method along with qualitative content analysis in the qualitative part, along with surveying methods conducted using SPSS and LISREL software tools in the quantitative part. After acquiring theoretical sufficiency by interviewing the experts of the field and conducting qualitative content analysis on the interviews, a questionnaire was distributed containing 48 factors classified into four categories that were believed to affect strategic human capital planning in the country’s tourism industry in public, private, national and international levels.

Sport – tourism is a part of tourism that by enjoying sport acts as a positive and extra national phenomenon. It was started to pay attention to planning for sport – tourism when natural places were selected as one of the tourism destinations. If sport – tourism activity is planned positively, in addition to optimal management and protection, it has some benefits to native societies and local economies. The climate is one of the phenomena that have significant effect on tourism, and there is a strong relationship between them. In this study with using of Becker method, physiological equivalent temperature index and kay & Vamplew model to evaluate and identify time-span sports - tourism has been Rudsar city. The assessment of climate conditions for sport - tourism, the average monthly temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, vapor pressure, wind speed and cloud cover five stations Ramsar, Hratbar, Kakroud, Shalman and Speely were used for 15-year period (1996-2010). The results has shown that the study area of June month to September suitable is for sports - tourism activities and climatic comfort (Bioclimatic) has established in this months. Based on these research findings we hope that authorities can help to economic development, employment increase and incomes raise.