نشریه فقه پزشکی
پیاپی 15-16 (تابستان و پاییز 1392)

Definition of human health and disease and its importance is based upon type of knowledge about human and his placing in entity and anthropology is also different depending on world-outlook and anthology of every individual and society. Accordingly, the meaning of health, disease, medicine, pain and treatment in every school is very different from other school. In Islamic theosophy whose origin and themes are Islamic doctrines, there are certain interpretations from concepts and meanings of above words and unlike the common health and treatment system, in some cases it seeks not only for medicine and treatment but also it is wisher and demand ant for "pain", because it considers pain as a kind of treatment and being pained as a value.Now, this questions is in mind that what the nature and fact of pain and disease, health and treatment for Islamic theosophy is; and M’olavi- one of the great theosophist of Islamic world- how defines pain and treatment and why he lauds the pain? Who are the owners of theosophical pain and what are its effects? This paper answers these questions by library study method and description and analysis of meanings and concepts and it seems that difference between M’olana’s viewpoint and common and usual concepts of pain and treatment in material and secular world is based on type of anthropology and their theosophical – religion world outlook and he believes that pains and treatments are over usual physical and even mental health and disease and are not individual, physical and material, but they are spiritual and theosophical and are of "religion pain", "love pain", "maturity pain", "the pain of dimension and being for from the fact" and "civilization pain" and… type.

Health is one of the most important terms in life. The true function of health depends on recognition of its aspects. Nowadays, the related scientists and other scholars have discovered that pay attention to health should be multilateral and, neglecting from various aspects of health, actually, is the same as neglecting the various aspects of human being existence. The paper with descriptive method and intra-religion approach tries to consider etymological consideration of health and its aspects in the Quran and Hadith. The aim of this paper is considering the comprehensive nature of religious (especially Islamic) perspective to the various aspects of human being existence and so, the subject of health as a central point in both worldly and heavenly life. Thus, the authors have explored, after analyzing the meaning of health and its aspects in the various Islamic sources, i.e, the holy Quran and Hadith sources, the necessity of multilateral attention to the problem of health especially, spiritual health by which the salvation of world and the day after life can be grasped.

Spiritual health is one of the fundamental concepts in care of patients with chronic diseases in which creating meaning and purpose in life is considered as an important approach in promoting general health and quality of life. Spiritual health has two dimensions consist of existential and religious health. This study aimed to Comparison of spiritual health and demographic characteristics in two groups of patients with type 2 diabetes with high and low quality of life. This descriptive-analytical research was performed on 330 patients 40-74 years with type 2 diabetes affiliated to clinic of diabetes in Bandar Abbas in 2013. Sample size by checking patient files and counting all individuals who had inclusion criteria to study, was determined 303. Data was collected through spiritual health and quality of life questionnaires. Data analysis by descriptive statistics, T-test, Chi-square and Analysis Of Variance by SPSS software, was performed. According to the t-test results, spiritual health in two groups of patients with low and high quality of life was different (P<0 /0001) and based on descriptive findings, patients with high quality of life had higher spiritual health as well. Average of monthly income between two groups of patients with low and high quality of life showed statistically significant difference (P<0/05). Statistical tests in 95% confidence level showed significant correlation between gender, marriage status and level of education with quality of life(P<0/05). According to the result of this study patients with high quality of life had higher spiritual health as well. It seems that pay attention to spiritual dimension of health is useful for attaining a holistic approach of care in these patients in direction of promoting their quality of life. This key point in a country like Iran with religious background, in designing care-therapies programs for such patients could be useful and effective.

This study examined Perceived Attachment Childhood as mediators between parental religiousness and spiritual coping. Survey data from 870 students in Tehran universities completed questionnaires measuring childhood attachment (Hazan & Shaver, 1986), parental religiousness (Granqvist, 1998) and religious coping (R-cope; Pargament & et al, 2000), were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results indicated that insecure attachment to parents mediated the relationship between parental religiousness with positive and negative religious coping. Result also showed paternal religiousness has direct and indirect (by secure attachment to father) effect on positive religious coping and also maternal religiousness has direct effect on negative religious coping. Therefore secure attachment to mother does not have direct effect on religious coping. These findings suggest not only that it is important to consider parental religiousness in understanding religious coping strategies in persons, but also that Perceived Attachment Childhood plays an important role in these relationships.

Spiritual care in patients with support and health promotion behavior and intervention in psychological problems and social isolation can improve them. This study aimed to compare spiritual care competency between nurses and nursing students in 2012. That was a comparative descriptive study. Sample was 400 include 80 students and 320 nurses. Spiritual Care Competence Scale (SCCS) questionnaire was used. SPSS 18.0 and independent t, regression, ANOVA used for analysis. Spiritual mean score was 101.26±13.68 in students and 97.58±13.59 in nurses and difference between two groups was significant(p<0.05).In students there was no difference between demographic variables but in nurses only was in ethics workshops participants, who participated had higher score.(p<0.05). Students competency score was more than nurses, it may be related to consider on spiritual care giving in educational environment, and not enough attention in nurses. So planning for nurse’s education via continues education and workshop and also in students in clinical education is recommended.

In the recent years, the spiritual dimension of human nature has received ever-increasing attention for a better healthcare. One way of responding to this issue is acquiring the patients’ spiritual history in healthcare centers. A spiritual history is a set of questions that can explore into the spiritual experiences and beliefs of a patient with a simple interview. This study has sought to establish a new framework for obtaining spiritual history. This study was based on the qualitative approach. At first, the experts’ panel was formed. After reviewing numerous related resources, summarizing the results and gaining consensus of philosophy, public health and social and educational sciences’ experts, the conceptual framework of spirituality was grounded. Then based on our definition, a two part questionnaire was designed. This process was performed using four of the selected available tools after achieving the expert’s opinions by the Delphi method and gaining their consensus The 16 finalized questions were divided into two categories. The first category of the questions was concerned about the beliefs, ethics, values, behaviors and experiences of spirituality. The therapist can use these questions to derive out the required spiritual info in a concise and friendly manner, for all patients in any situation. The second category of the questions has been developed based on the spiritual needs of the patients who are admitted. By establishing a more intimate relationship between the patient and therapist, it is hoped that the mere usage of such an instrument may improve and accelerate the patients’ treatment.

Spirituality and spiritual care in nursing is an integral part of holistic care and attention it can play a role in the recovery and gain wellness goals. Nurse's knowledge and attitudes toward spiritual care can play an important role for the implementation of care. The aim of this study was to determine the Nurse's attitude toward spiritual care. The sample of 220 nurses from two education hospitals by Method Census who were selected through Birjand. Data were collected using a questionnaire, an attitude toward spiritual care (SCPS) was conducted and data were analyzed by software Spss16. According to the results of the nurse's attitudes toward spiritual care is good (M: 4, SD: 0.8). The attitude of spiritual care and age, years of service and type of service was a significant correlation (P<0.05). In addition, it is recommended that you should create a positive attitude toward spiritual care and guidelines for the implementation of both these aspects should be taken care of.

Spirituality at work help to organization to face with today challenges. Spirituality can increase welfare and quality of life of staff. On the other hand, some leaders can influence to beliefs, values and objectives of staff and affected individuals. So, according to benefits of spirituality in organization and importance of leadership style of managers, in this research have studied relationship between leadership style of managers and spirituality at work of staff.

It is a survey study. The statistical community was all managers in different levels of department of resources development and management of Tehran University of medical sciences and a sample of its staff. To measure spirituality at work is used questioner of Rastegar (2006), and to measure leadership style is used multiple leadership questioner, (MLQ) questionnaire. Its Validity has been approved by the relevant experts, and its reliability is demonstrated with Cronbach's alpha. For data analysis, is used spearman correlation test multivariate linear regression analysis. For this is used SPSS 16.

Based on the findings, score of dimensions of spirituality at work for staffs, respectively were super personal, inter personal, intra personal and extra persona. Transformational leadership and transactional leadership style of managers has been positive relation with spirituality at work. (p<0.01) Associated to the regression model, contingent reward and management by exception has affected spirituality at work of staff.

Because of the three were more positive relation between transactional leadership style of managers and spirituality at work of staffs, and Furthermore, tow sub scales of this leadership style had scientific effect in regression model and explanation of spirituality at work, However other researcher are admiring transformational leadership. Therefore based on the findings of this research, perhaps, transactional leadership style was better for spirituality at work of staff. Therefore for use benefits of spirituality at work in organization, managers used transactional leadership style and use reward and punishment.