فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 19، تابستان 1392)

World's Muslim population is now over one billion, and Shiites consist of nearly 20 percent of this, amounting to over two hundred million people. The "togetherness" of the Shiite population all over the world is certainly influenced and enhanced by the formation of the Islamic Republic of Iran and also their interests in holy places such as the Rezavi Shrine of Mashhad as part of the religious ideology. Pilgrimages to holy places such as the Rezavi Shrine and the effects brought into the personal lives of the Shiaite piligrims provide great and genuine causes for their "togetherness" and enhanced "belongingness". In turn, this phenomenon provides a great opportunity and potential for Iran towards its geopolitical interests. In this paper, using descriptive, analytical and statistical effort, this ideology of Shiaism is studied including its influence and effects on Shia Geopolitics. This is done as a case study with emphasis on the pilgrims and pilgrimages to the Imam Reza Shrine in Mashhad. Also shown is how these pilgrimages spread the awareness of the Iranian revolution, and the Islamic movements pertaining to this region and the entire Shiaite community of the world.

Studies show that urban parks are not distributed regarding to standards and quantitative models and the spatial priorities for establishing parks are uncertain, so to meet such problem there need a pattern to apply standard criteria for park site selection to choose the best site for park location. Urban green space has a great importance in spatial development of cities to reach balanced and sustainable development. The present research aimed to apply AHP and FAHP to select appropriate locations for urban parks by prioritizing the effective criteria. AHP due to its resemblance to the process of analytical thought of human being is an optimum method for choosing the best option with respect to multi-criteria. However, using fuzzy data instead of real data and the proper classification of criteria could lead to certainty of the results. Also, the results of this research could be as base for establishment of new urban park s in the city of Neka.

Water challenges, especially in modern world, have been a key factor in determining the relationships between governments since many years ago and the crisis caused by this issue has had an important position in modern regional and international strategic studies. The importance of water in the eastern part of the country, especially Hirmand River, owns a critical importance from the geopolitical perspective. In fact, the continuations of this part of the border region as well as the east of the country have a direct connection with this river which includes a fundamental part of the disputes, quarrels, treaties, amperages, negotiations and processes allocating between the eastern border of Iran and Afghanistan.Although currently the international borders between Iran and Afghanistan have been accepted by both countries in midpoint of the main route of Hirmand River, there remains an unsolvable issue regarding its water division, exploitation of its delta region and other related rights. In this paper, the impact of the geopolitical and hydro- political position and function of the Hirmand on the political dimension of the IRRI national security have been studied. In order to achieve this purpose, a thorough knowledge of the history of relations between Iran and Afghanistan, signed treaties and agreements on the river division between the two sides of the dispute, the effective factors on the river’s geopolitics and consequently, getting familiar with the international location of the river and the two countries.

One of the main factors for human gathering equivalence and stability is dwelling place. So the dwelling is a fundament requirement for family which is necessary provide human demands and all social life system is forming in a one dwelling place will be obstacle for forming, safe growth and become a place for pleasing family and these element has been causing the dwelling place converting to one of the main human requirements. The main object of the main human requirement of urban dwelling an approach to access social democracy in the urban region of razavi khorasan. In this research dwelling place index in the points including congestion, facilities percapita, microlitihic, endurance and materials. The required data has been obtained from 1385 demographic censuses and residence place which is the required data are un scaleby fuzzy model and then components weights related to each domain extracted by hierarchy model and applied for ranking urban points from TOPSIS model. Ultimately only %22/05 from all points in this index including desirable quality and %11/4 from area including mean quality but total 19 urban situated 8 urban in the unsuitable position.

Ecolodge is an important structure of ecotourism activity. Ecolodge as Eco-accommodation has multidiscipline role on continuing of ecotourism process for network’s stakeholders. Ecolodge is an accommodation that creates lodging and attraction for ecotourists while it has adapted physical structure in according to sustainable development principles. Also it makes participation opportunity for local people about progress and well being. The desert is an eco-destination in Iran and it is necessary to define, design, built and manage them sustainability. The goal of this paper is measurement of possibility for participation in desert eco-accommodation management. Therefore the Matin Abad desert eco- accommodation in Natanz distinct is selected. By SMART method, results show that “ecotourism activity as alternative livelihood factor” has 4.2 point as the highest index (R2=0.32 &Y=- 0.23x + 4.93 and “no entrance to privet ecotourist zone” has 2.3 point at least index (Y=0.16x + 1.88 & R2=0.115) in achievement the goal of this paper.

The religious tourism is one of the most common forms of tourism around the world and the tourism industry experts believe that, it could be more developed because of special cultural and religious position of Iran among the other countries. There are lots of holy shrines in Iran which a number of them have been recorded in the national heritage list and in addition to pilgrimage attractions they have cultural and historical attractions. The Chahar-Mahal and Bakhtiari province having a strategic position, linking the central tourism area to the west and south west of country and also having tourism resources and attractions can plays a major role in developing the tourism in west and central areas. The aim of this research is identifying the effects of religious areas on tourism development and Hamza Ali shrine has been studied as a case sample. An attempt was made not only to study the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats which affect this holy shrine by using the SWOT technique but also, some proper solutions have been offered in order to improve its present situation. An analytical- descriptive method has been used in this survey and for data gathering we used library-documentary and field method. The results show that, the studied area have relatively high potentials for developing religious tourism in Chahar-Mahal and Bakhtiari by 29 strength points and mass value of 3.833 and 10 opportunities and mass value of 3.359 compared with 16 weakness points and mass value of 3.262 and 14 threats and mass value of 2.974 and if careful planning and above the all their strict implementation should be done, tourism development areas can be provided.

According to fast growth of tourism in the world, its developing planning based on globalization process is very important. Isfahan province as one of the best international tourism destination and domestic tourism has special ranking and tourism sample area have very important role on answering different tourist’s demands. Three tourism sample area such as Baghbahadoran, Zarinshahr&Gavkhouni lagoon of tourism sample area on axis Zayanderoud River are section of 92 tourism sample area of Isfahan tourism sample area collection. The main goal of this research is classification of these three tourism sample area by tourism indexes. The results based on AHP and by using Expert choice soft wear show that Gavkhooni lagoon is first and Baghbahadoran and Zarinshahr (Rahmat Abad) are in second and third position.

Today, women as social capital for every country have an important role in the improvement and comprehensive development of communities. That is why, identification of needs and planning to ensure, can assist countries in their path for developing process. The main target of this study is Evaluation of coordination between Tehran municipal services in areas with social and cultural needs of citizens (the Target or need). Theoretical framework, which has used in this study, is Usage of needs’ definition as a space or a gap between existing municipal services and the services which peoples have expected. In this study, descriptive survey method, survey analytical methods, and cross-sectional survey method were used. The study population included 156 127 women between 18-65 years old on the base of estimation population on 138, those 178 women were selected for study as examples.The results of research showed that, among the social and cultural needs, share of cultural needs are 45 percent and social needs are 55 percent of total needs, and also, need for security is more important. In general, these results in addition to prioritizing the needs of women, including distance of the status quo to the desired position (existent gap) and also the ranking of effective parameters for preparing women’s needs and the results are applicable to improve the servicing with the maximum efficiency.

Geopolitics experts in previous century have been struggled that with paying attention to physical and human conditions of different regions make a distinction between political significant of these regions. They have been struggled to secure the interest of their state with encouraging the politicians for influence, dominance or management in these important places and regions. Obviously, the political significant of different places and regions is not constant in all of the time, especially indicators of strategic places and regions might be change with upgrades of human making. In this regard, expansion of globalization process have been caused global Medias and their resident places could be were taken consider as strategic places. Because powerful Medias institutions have huge potential for effecting to another places. In this paper with descriptive and analysis approach have been struggled that strategic indicators of global media institution were explored. Finding research reveals that with paying attention to cumulative impressing of global medias on another regions, the places of these institutions with according to strategic places definition could be take consider as strategic places.

By rapid grow of urbanization and increase of living in apartments, air pollution and other acoustic pollutions in recent decades, it has been led that urban residents spend their free time and vocation in the nature and rural regions. In this relation, healthy climate and prosperous areas are priorities of the urban residences. Marand Payam village has above mentioned climate and it is destination of burgess and construction of their second homes. In this article, it was tried to study the socio-economical effects of construction of the second homes in this region. This research was conducted by measurement method. Eighty householders were studied randomly. The result shows that villagers have positive attitude towards economic consequences and negative attitude towards social, cultural and environmental consequences of construction of second homes. Also there is a significant difference between men and women from evaluation the social and economic consequences view point.

Islamic republic of Iran and Egypt are two important, impressive countries in the Islam world, North Africa and Middle East. Egypt does consider itself as the leader of Arab world, effective country among Islamic country and a member of non- alignment countries. Egypt in the Palestinian issue has been most influential and Palestinian jihadi groups still know this country the main supporter. Iran as an Islamic country and the impact on regional relations, have a strategic role in Muslim world relations, Middle East and Palestine. The Effectiveness of a Palestinian jihad groups from the two countries is an important in the sensitive Middle East region. In particular, both countries have pursued different approaches to the problem of Palestine in the past three decades Iran's relations with Egypt after the Islamic Revolution have faced various challenges and tensions. Identifying the existence of Israel from Egypt - Camp David Peace Treaty- Differences peak was reached and led to discontinuation of bilateral relations. Over the past three decades, the Egyptian foreign policy in line with the policies of Western countries especially the United States has been and Egypt to the achievement of Palestinian rights have been satisfied but Iran has never recognized Israel's existence and full rights of Palestinians and Regain Occupied territories and formed the Palestinian government has supported. Accordingly, the Egypt has supported Palestinian group’s compromiser such as Fath and autonomous government organization and Iran has supported of resistance and jihad groups such as Hamas and Islamic Jihad. So the Palestinian issue has been the most important factor in relations between Iran and Egypt.

Climat is on of impressive factors in environment for human and animals in nature. All our daily activities are affect from constructive elements of the atmosphere and reciprocally our activities affect on the climate around us. the effect of climates elements on animal life is so that, before the advent, it has been trying to fit itself with the natural phenomena. in this situation, animals and plants due to lack of with their climate. so animals and wild life throughout the year have migrated over the years in compliance whit the seasonal and cyclical climate changes. Also people who have attempted to maintain and raise animals for prevent to damage their livestock and proper utilization of the climate, they have moved with their livestock over the years. Moving between summer and winter areas are natural reaction for human and livestock in response to climate. in this article, to study for the role of climate between summer and winter areas in the timing of tribe moving in climate fluctuation, we have analyzed years, dry and rainy in a priod of 15 years. we observed that in severe droughts. tribe has moved about 30-45 day earlier from winter areas and, daily, they have moved 45 km and also they moved 400km for 20 days. while in severe trsaly, they moved this may for 45 - 50 days and daily in average, they moved 18 – 20 km and they moved from their winter areas about 2 mounths later.

With Ottoman Empire Dissolution and colonization of survivors this empire with western and Islamic uprising was a reaction to western movements, Islamic world going to political Islamism in 20 centuries, but in this way Turkey had prevented from this wave with kamala’s laicism government. In last decades of 20 centuries this country has faced with Islamic tendencies in internal and foreign policy. The interesting point, was difference this kind of Islamism with other Islamism in Islamic countries in area of foreign policy of Turkey. This was the difference in Turkish tendency to equilibrium Islamism. So then, this article want to answer to this main question that: What Geopolitical factors and how has been caused to equilibrium Islamism in Turkey foreign policy from 1995 until 2011? This article has utilized descriptive-analytical method.

The concept of sustainability in the tourism industry in the past few decades has been one of the main concepts on Tourism development. In addition, this concept has been a framework for understanding the socio - economic development trends, natural resource management and tourism across the world. In addition to the concept, it needs the exact criteria complexity for measuring its different dimensions. The Villages of this area (Sologhan Valley) attract a lot of tourists in the tourism seasons. The aim of this research is to evaluate the effects of social, economic and environmental effects on sustainable rural development. Since the goal of this study is sustainable rural development, sologhan valley villages have been selected as a case study. This research shows that rural tourism in the economy and the environment has not had a big positive effect. Economic development in this rural area due to the tourist hub is undeniable, and it has had the positive effects of social status, such as improving health, education, immigration reduction, and further interactions with neighboring areas. Careful planning developing services and improving infrastructure facilities, such as accommodation, entertainment and advertising tourism in villages of this region, can lead to further change and development of economic situation.