فصلنامه برنامه ریزی و آمایش فضا
سال هفدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 82، زمستان 1392)

Accurate estimate of the land cover is of particular importance in environmental management and planning. Different methods have so far been developed for the classification of satellite imagery. Regarding the weakness of the hard classifiers in the presence of the mixed pixels, soft classification methods have been designed to estimate the fractions of different classes within mixed pixels. Linear spectral mixture model could be considered as the most popular method of soft classification. The accuracy of this model is extremely depended on the quality of the input pure pixels. The extraction of these pixels is often hard and challengeable. In this paper, making use of physical parameters (brightness, wetness, and greenness) is proposed for extraction of pure pixels. The evaluation criteria of unconstrained linear spectral mixture model were used assess the quality of pure pixels extracted from the proposed method. By Implementing of this model on the satellite image of the study area, the total number of undershoot and over-shoot pixels was determined as 4.43 percent of the total image pixels. Also RMSE equaled to 2.68. Consequently, the proposed method demonstrated promising accuracy in the results of the linear spectral mixture model without considering any constraint.

Landslide susceptibility mapping is a fundamental tool for disaster management. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the landslide susceptibility mapping using Classification Rule Discovery (CRD) by Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). This modeling approach was applied for Landslide susceptibility assessment in Javanroud county of Kermanshah province.For this purpose, thematic layers including slope, distance to faults, distance to stream, rainfall, land use, and soil texture were used. The One- At-a-Time (OAT) approach was utilized as the sensitivity analysis method to determine the dependency of model outcomes on the input parameters. Then the performance of the proposed algorithm was validated by comparing it with C5 decision tree algorithm, which is a well-known classification rule discovery method. To assess the accuracy of the resulting landslide susceptibility map, it was evaluated by the distribution of the observed landslides. The resulting map showed that the predictive power of the model is very high. Overall, about 20% of the study area falls in susceptible and very susceptible classes, and most of the previous landslides (81.25%) occur in the same classes.The results also indicated that the model can be effectively used in preparation of landslide susceptibility maps.

Today’s,more games,entertainmentsand sports are displayed significantly in industrial and modern world so that original fields are rooted in the history our beliefs, culture and ancestors. Need to play and activity isglobal andpublicand theboundariesof age, sex, social situation, economic and geography base break downinvillagesandcities. Everynationhasits ownplay and entertainmentandall peoplelovetoworkalongsidetheirsubsistence activitiesandobliged which is rooted in their demand. Role and position of villages in political, social and economical process of development in region local scale, international and such aswidespread poverty,inequalityandunderdevelopmentin ruralareas,thefastpopulationgrowth process, unemployment, migration, poor people and etc.the rural areas of undeveloped such as fast population growth, widespread poverty, inequality process, unemployment, migration, down town living is causing attention torural area and it’s priority on urban area.Exerciseand native play are importantrolesinrural areas structure. Thisapproach haseffectively role on physical health, identityandsocialinteractionopportunities forrural residents. The aim of study is evaluation of native games position inrural areas.The range of the study is 10 villages of Miankaleh rural district villages in Behshsahr city and researchmethod is survey and analytical - descriptive. Data collection is designed field and document through questionnaire inLikert scale.

Gully erosion can be considered as one of the advanced and critical forms of water erosion causing the destructors of the large amount of the earth. Identifying the factors that have an important impact in the occurrence of this type of erosion and its zoning can also be considered as one of the essential and important tools for managing and controlling this phenomenon. This study has been carried out with the purpose of identifying the factors affecting on the creation of gully erosion and the stimulation of the possibility of its occurrence in Dyreh catchment. The most effective factors in gully creation are: slope, slope direction, horizontal and vertical curvature of the slope, lithology, distance from waterway, and distance from the road. The land was selected and then these layers were created in GIS. Therefore, in the creation of gully erosion, they were classified based on preferences in order to have a paired comparison in the matrix table. Finally, the act of weighting the functions and overlapping of the layers were done by Arc GIS software and according to the resulting coefficient's hazard zonation map obtained in 6 layers: without risk, very low risk, low risk, medium risk, high risk, and too high risk. The final coefficient of numerical value was defined using the numbers obtained by multiplying the weight of each criterion in the index anywhere between zero and 100. In which the more tendency to 100 indicates as high risk of landslide’s, and the coefficients close to zero indicate that there is less risk and that its occurrence is without danger. The results further showed that %36 of Dyreh basin faces high risk, and too high risk causing the displacement of large volume of soil.

The aim of this research is to analyse the explanatory strong of the State and Urbanization Theory of Iran in terms of space and state concepts. Research method is analytical one andfor this, papers and dissertations written aroundthis issue during 1994-2013 were examined. Analyzing the State and Urbanization Theory of Iran shows the theory tended to homogenize different places because of state sovereignty over space. This preposition impacts the analysis of urbanization process in different ways: 1) Thenature andpathofurban developmentindifferent cities with different sizes are incorrectly considered as beingidentical; 2) State’s nature is defined by “urban” and the nature of city is defined by “State”; consequently, the local, rural, regional and global aspects of state are neglected; 3) The influences of global forces in the development of big cities are considerably overlooked; 4) Natural and human hinterlands of cities do not have any place in this theory; 5) While, participation of private sector is necessary for improvement of the economic status of cities, state has same important role not only in the establishment but also in the development of cities in this theory; and 6) Finally, the role of private sector will be highlighted by shifting the scale of analysis (from national to provincial), which is not considered in the theory and should be examined in the coming studies around the state's role in urbanization process in Iran.

Public is worried about food quality, human health and natural resources Safety in the era of infromation around the world. For this reason, focusing on organic farming has been increased dramatically. But current communication and information models (IT), which are designed with scientific approaches, could not extend organic farming without paying attention to wisdom. Theocentrism is suggested as an alternative to develop appropriate communication and information systems. This study was conducted in three phases. First, the related literature and archival research were reviewed to explain theocenterism from Molladasra philosophy. In second phase, organic farming principles were compared with theocentrism by comparative method in terms of ontology, epistemology, humanlogy, and axiology. The third phase provides an appropriate communication and information system for organic farming to produce green products. The communication and information system for organic farming was developed based on theocenterism and its components of ontology, epistemology, methodology, axiology and anthropology. The contents of incormation should consider visions such as justice, target group's responsibilities, and productivity. To put these visions in action, a variety of modern and indigenous media should be used. Also local leaders and profissionals should be engaged in desiging communication and information models to encourage the farmers toward organic farming.