مجله زنان مامائی و نازائی ایران
سال شانزدهم شماره 82 (هفته چهارم دی 1392)

One of most common methods of anesthesia is neuraxial block that spinal anesthesia is one of such methods. One of the most common and debilitating complications of spinal anesthesia is Post-Dural Puncture Headache. As epidural blood patch is an invasive procedure and its performance needs expertise and some patients are not satisfied with its results، so we decided to perform a study aim at comparing the effects of Gabapentin، Pregabalin، and Acetaminophen on the treatment of post-dural puncture headache.

This prospective single-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 90 patients who underwent elective surgery under spinal anesthesia in Imam Khomeini hospital، Urmia، Iran in 2012 and suffered from post-dural puncture headache. The patients were randomly allocated into three groups. A bag containing one of the medications (gabapentin، pregabalin، and acetaminophen) and instructions for their use was given to each patient. Patient''s headache was evaluated with visual analog scale at the onset of the headache، 24، 48، and 72 hours after that. Data were analyzed with SPSS software version 16، chi-square and ANOVA tests. P value less than 0. 05 was considered significant.

The mean of visual analog scale values were less in pregabalin group than gabapentin group at all stages of drug administration and in gabapentin group was less than acetaminophen group (p<0. 05).

Both pregabalin and gabapentin are safe and effective medications for the treatment of post-dural puncture headache. 72-hour treatment with pregabalin if it immediately use after the onset of headache with complementary therapies، is the most effective treatment for post-dural puncture headache.

Female genital mutilation in West African continent is considered as one of the vast territory’s social problems. This social problem which is accounted as an old tradition has had unpleasant physical and mental effects on urban and rural African women during recent centuries. Throughout recent decades، considerable efforts have been made by United Nations and its dependent organizations and private institutes in order to stop or reduce the young girls circumcision rate in African continent; however، most of the indigenous population insist on this wrong tradition and proclaim this tradition is consistent with old traditions remaining from their ancestors and its safeguard is quite important for them. The way this old tradition was conducted and the reasons for this action have been studied. Furthermore، the activities taking place by organizations related to United Nations and African politicians in order to confront female genital mutilation in different countries of Western Africa and their reflection in urban and rural regions have been studied through existing documents and witnesses. The methodology was library studies based on description and analysis logics and the main body of the information was gathered through referring to libraries and the most recent books and articles. Focusing on female genital mutilation in west Africa and its long-lasting physical and mental symptoms are considered as data of this paper. Female genital mutilation phenomenon is a wrong tradition that causes long-lasting complication. However due to the efforts of United Nation and its associate institutions it has been under control gradually. There are expectations that through steady contact with local communities and paramount chiefs it would be limited considerably up to the end of 2010 decade.

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease that is known with alteration and destruction of skeletal structure and increase in fracture risk. This study was done to compare lumbar spine bone density in non-athletic and athletic (yoga and walking) postmenopausal women. The study was a causal-comparative research and applied after the fact that was conducted in Kosar densitometry center، Mashhad، Iran in 2013 on 33 postmenopausal women aged 48-64 years. Participants were divided into three groups: yoga، walking and non-athletes. Athletic women had physical activity at least 5 years experience in yoga and walking، regularly three times per week and one hour for each session and non-athletic women did not experience any physical activity. Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine were measured and compared by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and ANOVA، Tukey، Shapiro-Wilk was done. P value less than 0. 05 was considered significant. The mineral density of the lumbar spine in postmenopausal athletic women was significantly higher than non-athletic counterparts (p=0. 012). Comparisons between groups showed that walking group had the highest amount of mineral density of the lumbar spine compared to yoga and control group and yoga group showed higher amount of mineral density compared to the control group. Postmenopausal women''s sports programs such as yoga and walking can increase bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and could be use as an effective non-pharmacological methods of preventing bone mineral density loss.