نشریه نقد ادب معاصر عربی
پیاپی 5 (پاییز و زمستان 1392)

As an artistic element of the story, place has an effective role in developing the scene of the story and revealing the characteristics of its characters. Skillful novelists have never ignored this element (i.e. place) and they have always used it artistically with some special goals in their mind. AltibSaleh,-the Arab world genius novelist- has paid a special attention to thiselement in his most well-known novel “Musemolhejratelaalshomal” very tactfully. Regarding the theoretical basis of narration which attends to language in forming the place, the present study aims to investigate the confrontation of place, its semantic functions, the way of explaining it and its relationship with characters of the story. It seems safe to claim that AltibSalehhas been able to take advantage of the confrontation of placesin order to explain East and West confrontation on which this novel has been based. creative explaining the different places, and their effective details, he has not only revealed those places to the readers, but also has excited the curiosity of the readers by symbolizing those places, as the most important revealing of the story is that of the mysterious hero which is not possible in any way except through understanding the place.

Songs in contemporary poems do not merely contain prosodic rhythmics. In today odes, the singers as well as composers partake in creating the work. Hence, the length of the verses, the style of writing, and the arrangement of words play an important role in recreation of the odes by the singer(s). This special method in writing odes creates a particular rhythm. This rhythm create tension in the reader’s eye and then in his soul in order to make the reader aware of poet’s thoughts and tensions. Poet Saadi Youssef is a pioneer in the creation of white rhythm and the manifestation of the rhythm is eye-catching in his poems. This internal rhythm in poems is called white rhythm. In this paper, the authors hypothesized that Saadi Youssef as an Arabic poet is a pioneer in the creation of the white rhythm. The research is to investigate some aspects of this rhythm such as dispersion of words, blanks, segmentations, and geometric representations in the poems of this poet through content analysis theoretically.

In 1960s, the structural reviewing flourished in order to use the methodsand Saussure’ understandings in the field of literature. This new technique ofreviewing created a new literary field called narration. In narration, character is considered as a part of the overall structure of the story that his/her easiest role is the role of activism. Based on these actions of the story characters, Grimashas designed a model in reviewing the personality. This model contains three dual models: sender – receiver, subject – object, helper – opponent. He believes that this pattern is applicable to all the narratives. Based on analytical and descriptive methods, the researchers of the present study tried to investigate theall characters of the novel "Beirut 75" written by GhadaAlsamman through using Grimas’ action theory in order to evaluate the efficacy and capability of the aforementioned theory for all narrations. The findings of this study has provided a support for the efficacy of this model in analyzing thecharacters of“Beirut 75”. Actioners in this 5-plot story are: Farah, Yasaminah,Abuomstafa, Abulmala, and Taan and the goalis wealth, freedom, and reputation. In the second pair, helper and opponent are the people and positive and negative traits help them to reach their goals or block them. However, in the third pair of the story, the senders are the actioners and there is no receiver in reality.

ZakariyaTamer is one of the celebrities in the literature of Syria. The theme ofhis stories is related to challenges between poverty and wealth، ugliness and beauty, and the long distance between mankind wishes and the reality. He has chosen "short story" for expressing and conveying his thoughts. In the present study, some stories of "Damascus Alharaeq" are analytically and descriptively researched based on the elements of magical realism. The results indicate that Tamer has used magical realism in his short stories for expressing his social concerns. He has combined reality, dream, and imagination artistically. He sets impossible events the same as miracle and in semi-realistic narration to make his audience astonished. In addition, a simpledescriptionalong withthe accuracy anddetail ofexpression is the distinguishingfeature of his storyshortthat fascinate the readers.

An abstract is one of the most important criteria for evaluating and judging scientific – research articles. Since the abstract is representative of the content of the paper and introduces the study in the least words possible, recognizing the abstract and the principles of abstracting is of essence for the authors who try to prepare their work in abstract. Experts in the field have expressed the principles and standards of abstracting which will shed some light on this issue for authors. These criteria include the number of keywords, referring to the results, the research methodology, scope and purpose of the study. The application of these principles requires precision and knowledge in this area.This study has investigatedthe abstracts of research papers related to contemporary Arabic prose in a descriptive – analytical way and based on the above criteria. Articles are selected randomly from over 70 different scientific research articles with a focus on novel and stories. Forty research articles are analyzed. Results indicated that most articles were not entirely successful in abstracting.

Writing stories for young children is different from adults’ stories. The younger and less-experienced the audience of children’s stories, the more limited the usage of fiction elements. Thus, writing stories for children is difficult and requires a lot of thought. Character introduction and development through a story is an important element in writing any narrative because writer’s skill in better character development has a significant impact in absorptionofthe audience, especially for children. Zakarya Tamer is a famous and popular Syrian writer who has written many stories for children and adolescence such as “LemazaSakatAlnahr” and “QalatAlvardahlealSenunu”. In this paper, his method in building characters and character development is studied and evaluated with standards of character development in children stories. The resultsindicate that many of thecharacter development standards in children’s stories are met in Tamer’s stories.

Although therise offormalismisrooted in theworks ofancientthinkers, this kindof criticism, asanindependent school, has emerged in theresearcharea of Russianliteratureinthe second decadeof the twentieth century. Victor Sheklofsky was a pioneer in this field publishing the book "Resurrection of Words" in 1914 A.D. This school was emerged against Romanticism, and "Opening the secret of literalism" is a distinguishingcharacteristic of this school. Formalists pay attentionto the text at first.According tothem,the literaryfeaturesof thetext related to defamiliarizationoflanguage andthe new orderis associatedwith theform.Abolghasem Shabi, is one of the famous Tunisiancontemporary poetsand a representative ofRomanticismin Arab’s contemporary poetry. Inhislyrics the signs of love, nature, hope, fearand the destiny can beseen. One of the distinguishing features of his poems is defamiliarity whose methods are synergisticregulation, attention to thesymbol, normviolationsinrhyme, unity andharmony inpoetry, beautifuland novelcombinationsetc.Thisstudyis an attemptto examine the practices ofdefamiliarisation in Shabi’spoetryby providing a short introductionon thetheoryandthe critique offormalismandits principles.However, the main question is whether there is any examples of defamiliarity in Shabi’s poems and if there is any which methods are common in it.