International Journal of Enteric Pathogens
Volume:1 Issue: 2, May 2013

Prevention of adverse microbial colonization is supposed to be the most important beneficial effect of the gut microflora.. The aims of the present study were to compare the effect of co-incubation, pre-incubation and supernatant of sixteen probiotic strains on prevention of enteroinvasive E. coli adhesion.. Probiotic strains were added to Caco-2 cells followed by E. coli in pre-incubation assay. Tested strains and enteroinvasive E. coli were added to cell lines at the same time in co-incubation assay. Finally, enteroinvasive E. coli was treated with bacteria free supernatant of test strains then added to cell line in treatment with bacteria free supernatant assay.. This study showed that the most effective assays in prevention of pathogen adherence were treatment with bacteria free supernatant and pre-incubation respectively.. The effect of probiotic bacteria by-products on pathogen exclusion may be of more importance in protecting the host. Therefore, gut colonization or at least persistent presence of probiotics may be helpful in infection prevention..

Diarrheagenic E. coli is the most important cause of diarrhea in children and is a public health concern in developing countries. A major public problem is acquisition and transmission of antimicrobial resistance via mobile genetic elements including plasmids, conjugative transposons, and integrons which may occur through horizontal gene transfer.. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of class 1 and 2 integrons among commensal and enteropathogenic E. coli isolates and assess the role of commensal E. coli population as a reservoir in the acquisition and transmission of antimicrobial resistance.. Swabs were collected directly from stool samples of the children with diarrhea admitted to three hospitals in Tehran, Iran during July 2012 through October 2012. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCR analysis were performed for analysis of the resistance pattern and integron content of isolates.. A total of 20 enteropathogenic E.coli (identified as eae+stx1-stx2-) and 20 commensal E.coli were selected for analysis. The resistance pattern in commensal and pathogenic E.coli was very similar. In both groups a high rate of resistance was seen to tetracycline, streptomycin, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid, and minocycline. Of 20 EPEC strains, 3 strains (15 %) and 1 strain (5%) had positive results for int and hep genes, respectively. Among 20 commensal, 65% (13 strains) and 10% (2 strains) had positive results for int and hep genes, respectively.. The higher rate of class 1 integron occurrence among commensal population proposes the commensal intestinal organisms as a potential reservoir of mobile resistance gene elements which could transfer the resistance gene cassettes to other pathogenic and/or nonpathogenic organisms in the intestinal lumen at different occasions..

Small intestinal (SI) volvulus is defined as a rotation of greater than 180 degrees about its mesentery of a segment of jejunum or ileum. Horses of all ages have been affected. There is typically an acute onset of signs of mild to severe pain.. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial pathogens of the duodenum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum (feces) in associated with volvulus horse, and to determine whether rectal (fecal) samples are representative of proximal segments of the gastrointestinal tract.. A brown 26 years old mare, BCS (body condition score) 4 was found dead in stall in the morning. It was moved to a suitable area to conduct a post-mortem exam. The mare was examined in hanging position and then left lateral-recumbent. Advanced abdominal tympany was present. Clinical signs, laboratory data, surgical or necropsy findings, clinic-histopathological findings and outcome for horse with SI volvulus was obtained from medical records, and identified by manual review. Horsefeces and colon were collected in autopsy. Fecal material was scooped from the center of a freshly defecated bolus into sterile sample cups, which were placed into plastic anaerobe jars with PackAnaero sachets (Mitsubishi Gas Co. via Remel, Lenexa, KS) and transported to the laboratory. Alternatively, colon contents were collected from horse at the autopsy by direct incision into the colon immediately after the horse was autopsied. The samples were transported anaerobically to the laboratory.. On opening the abdominal cavity; a large quantity of sanguineous, foul-smelling fluid with pus exited the perforated bowel wall (hemoperitoneum). Additionally, signs of an acute diffuse peritonitis were visible. The blood vessels of the stomach and intestines were distended. Small intestinal volvulus was observed in several segments (360 degree rotation involving the mesentery). This information may aid diagnosis and prognosis and guide to decision making for horses with this condition.. The present study results can be used to make a scientific assessment of prognosis in the pre-operative, operative, and post-operative management of horses with small intestinal volvulus. Bacterial infectivity results from a disturbance in the balance between bacterial virulence and host resistance. The “objective” of bacteria is to multiply rather than to cause disease; it is in the best interest of the bacteria to kill the host. Rectal samples were not entirely representative of intestinal compartments in the small or large intestine. This should be taken into account when designing studies using fecal sampling to assess other intestinal compartments, suggesting that parts of the intestinal microbiota were unique to each animal in this study..

Probiotic products are matrices for delivery of beneficial live bacteria to the host. The viable bacteria are being incorporated into dairy products as well as supplements.. The aim of the present study was evaluation and validation of probiotic contents in commercial products to select the optimum matrix for protection of viability and functionality of probiotic bacteria.. A total of forty six lactic acid bacteria were isolated from ten pharmaceutical and ten dairy products. Their probiotic properties such as acid, salt and bile tolerance, antibiotic susceptibility tests, adherence to cell line, stability under refrigeration conditions and antagonistic activity against nine bacterial strains were assayed.. Results showed that the viable bacterial count of solid products were lower than stated number on their package. No difference was noticed between strains isolated from dairy and non-dairy products regarding antibiotic susceptibility and adherence properties. Pharmaceutical isolates were more potent against pathogens than dairy isolates.. In conclusion, dairy products are better matrices for delivering bifidobacteria than non-dairy products. But, probiotic isolates from non-dairy products, showed better properties such as pathogen exclusion than dairy isolates..

Brachyspira pilosicoli is an intestinal spirochete which colonizes in cecum, colon and rectum of the birds. This infection in broiler and laying chicken may cause disorders such as: diarrhea, reduced egg production, pasty vents, fecal staining of egg shells, poor shell quality, pale egg yolks, increased feed consumption, slower growth and poor feed digestion.. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify B. pilosicoli from broiler and laying chicken.. This study was conducted by using bacteriological examination and PCR in Khuzestan located in the South West of Iran. Totally 150 samples of broiler chicken feces and 100 samples of laying chicken feces were collected. The samples were cultured on blood agar containing three antibiotics (vancomycin 12.5µg/mL, spiramaycin 25µg/mL and spectinomycin 400 µg/mL).The colonies of intestinal spirochetes were studied by PCR.. Intestinal spirochetes were isolated in 21 out of 150 fecal samples of broiler chicken and in 9 out of 100 fecal samples of laying chicken. Species identification of isolates was done by PCR using 16SrRNA gene specific for B. pilosicoli. B. pilosicoli was isolated in 13 out of 21 positive broilers and in 4 out of 9 positive laying chickens.. This study showed that B. pilosicoli exists in the broiler and laying chicken in the region. This intestinal pathogen may be considered as a major cause of production threats and economic losses in chicken farms in the region of study..

Leptospirosis as a common zoonotic disease is the widest spread infection worldwide. Human is infected via direct contact with infected animals or through exposure or drinking contaminated water infected by animal urine.. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for leptospira infection in Khuzestan which is expected to be an endemic area for this infection..Patients and As part of an investigation on rural area in Khuzestan, this comparative study was conducted in the region. Sixty five cases, which were positive for IgM anti-leptospira antibodies, and 215 controls that were negative for IgM antibodies included in the study. A questionnaire including variables related to leptospira exposure was administered. SPSS-16 using Chi square and Fisher exact test were used to compare data. Differences with P-values less than 0.05 were considered as significant. The 95% confidence interval (CI) for the odds ratios (OR) were calculated.. Occupation in rice farm was the most important risk factors (OR: 5.32, 95% CI = 2.71-10.43, P < 0.0001). Other risk factors were as: exposure to rat/rodent in house (OR: 3.53, 95% CI = 1.98-6.29, P < 0.0001), swimming in river or brooks (OR: 4.02, 95% CI = 2.21-7.47, P < 0.0001) and keeping cattle in house (OR: 11.53, 95% CI = 3.50-37.97, P < 0.0001).. The main risk factors for this infection in Khuzestan are rice farming and keeping animals (such as cattle) as well as contact to rodent in houses. Another frequent risk factor was swimming in river or brooks..

Infection of Helicobacter pylori exists all around the world. This bacterium has an IV type secretion system. The main objective of this study was to investigate the existence and abundance of cagA gene in biopsy and serum samples by applying the PCR technique and assay of Triglyceride and cholesterol level in sera.. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between the presence of cagA genome and cardiac risk markers in infected patients with H. pylori.. Patients and 100 serum samples of patients with above IgG titer against Helicobacter pylori were examined with PCR to investigate the existence of cagA gene. Moreover triglyceride and cholesterol titers and blood pressure were measured.. Eighteen samples out of 100 positive serumic samples from patients with helicobacter pylori had a positive result for the existence of cagA gene. Twelve samples (66٪) out of eighteen serumic samples had triglyceride and cholesterol titer greater than the normal levels. From 18 specimens detected in sera, about 12 people had cardiac disorders and 10 patients had high blood pressure.. Since secretion system of type IV is capable of secreting both genome and the protein of this bacterium into the cell, we decided to investigate the existence of cagA gene in sera. This bacterium was unable to induce septicemia and bacteriemia; the possibility is that the gene integrated with protein cagA to blood, was protected from degradation which increases the risk of antibody production against these factors and elevates the risk of heart disease. For this reason, for the first time in the world, we studied the presence of cagA genome in serum samples..

The frequency of multidrug-resistance (MDR) among Salmonella isolates has increased dramatically. Here we report the first case of CTX-M type ß–lactamase producing ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella infection as a child in Iran. Antimicrobial resistance profile was determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. A double disk synergy test was used in the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). PCR assays were carried out to detect blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M beta lactamase genes. The presence of class 1 integrons was investigated by PCR assays. The Salmonella Enteritidis isolate from the child was ciprofloxacin and extended-spectrum cephalosporins resistant and found to carry the blaCTX-M beta-lactamase gene and class 1 integrons, suggests that antimicrobial resistance determinants may be located on the same genetic unit of the class 1 integrons identified here. Resistance to ciprofloxacin and extended-spectrum cephalosporins, the drugs of choice for treating invasive salmonellosis, especially in children is a public health problem..