مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران
پیاپی 98 (اسفند 1391)

Background and The wide spread usage of pesticides for improving agricultural programs is a risk factor of acute and chronic human poisoning، especially farmers. Diazinon is one of the most common organophosphates insecticides that cause oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The mechanism of organophosphates is postulated to be non-irreversible anticholinesterase action. This study is about the protective effect of N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC) on glutathione levels and serum cholinesterase in acute poisoning of diazinon in mice. This study was performed on 30-40gr weight male mices. The animals were randomly divided into 7 groups (n=5). The following chemicals were injected intraperitoneally: group 1 (Normal salin)، 2 (Soya oil)، 3 (Diazinon 20 mg/kg)، 4 (NAC 100mg/kg)، 5 (NAC 100mg/kg + Diazinon 20mg/kg)، 6 (Pralidoxim 20mg/kg + Diazinon 20mg/kg)، 7 (Pralidoxim 20 mg/kg + Diazinon 20 mg/kg +NAC 100mg/kg). 24 hours after last injection، the animals were sacrificed after receiving ketamine anesthesia then their liver tissues were removed. Furthurmore، Glutathione (GSH) level were determined by Elman method. After injury، 3ml blood from the heart tissue was taken with heparin syringe and cholinesterase inhibition activity was determined by Elman method. in comparison with the control group، an increased level of glutathione and blood cholinesterase was observed in the cases; although this increasing was not significant (p>0. 05). It seems that NAC has a protective effect on anticholinesterase activity and body’s antioxidant status against organophosphate pesticide، such as diazinon. The protective effect was not significant in acute poisoning. The confined opportunity of the cell to utilize cysteine as the substrate in producing glutathione may be considered as the main reason of this process.

Background and

Phenol whose carcinogenic property has been evidenced is one the organic compounds found in industrial wastewater. Therefore، this effluent must be treated before it is discharged to the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dried azolla can absorb phenol from aqueous solution.

First، the collected azolla was washed by distilled water 3 times and then it was dried in the oven at 105 ° C for 24 h and finally، it was sieved in 18 to 30 mesh. The pH variation، dose of absorbent، contact time، and phenol concentration were investigated and the residual concentration of phenol was determined by spectrophotometer in wavelength of 500nm. Then، the absorption data were described by absorption isotherms Freundlich and Langmuier.

The results indicated that increasing the contact time and dose of absorbent can increase the absorption rate، though it remains constant after 150 min and 1gr of absorbent. Increasing pH and initial concentration of phenol can reduce the absorption rate and the optimum ph for phenol absorption is 3. The Freundlich isotherm is best fitted (R2= 0. 997) in comparison with Langmuir and Temkin isotherms.

Overall، the studied absorbent can be used as an effective absorbent to treat the industrial wastes and aqueous solution.

Background and

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular parasite in different cells of human beings and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate presence and movement trend of T. gondii tachyzoites in different tissues of Balb/c، after immunization with Excretory Secretory Antigens (ESA).

This experimental survey has been performed on 24 Balb/c mice in case and control groups. For immunization of mice، two times، intervals two weeks، case group (n=12) received 40 µL ESA+40µL Adjuvant and control group got 40 µL PBS+40µL Adjuvant. Two weeks after the second immunization، mice were challenged with 1×104 alive and active tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain and on 1، 2، 3 days and the last day (before death)، after challenge different tissues of 3 mice from each group were prepared and stained with Giemsa stain and the slides evaluated for presence or absence of parasites and parasitic load.

Toxoplasma after intraperitoneal injection، in both case and control groups were able to movement to various tissues. In the case group receiving Excretory Secretory Antigens (ESA)، parasitic load in spleen، liver and heart was less than control group.

Hence، ESA reduced the parasitic load، but could not inhibit the distribution and presence of Toxoplasma in different tissues.

Background and Appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix caused by different pathogen agents. Parasites may ectopically enter the appendix and make a verminous appendicitis. The present study aims at investigating the frequency of verminous appendicitis in appendectomies done in two hospitals (Imam Khomeini and BooAli Hospitals). Moreover، the relationship between the vermin and the inflammation of the appendix with demographic factors will be studied. In this descriptive cross-sectional study، all appendectomized samples collected from the two hospitals in a 5-year period were investigated. Pathologic slides of the appendices were studied to determine the type of pathological lesions and parasites. The diagnosis was done based on microanatomy of helminthes inside the appendices. Among the 2135 examined appendices، 31 cases (1. 45%) were found to be verminous and the rest، 2104 (98. 55%)، were inverminous. The identified parasites included Enterobius vermicularis (1. 40%) and Taenia sp. (0. 046%). Furthermore، 23 (74. 19%) of the infected cases had inflammation، while 8 (25. 81%) didn’t. The verminous appendicitis was found to be more prevalent among patients with less than 10 years old (4. 10%). The results showed the role of parasitic infections causing appendicitis، but lack of inflammation in some parasitic appendicitis needs to be investigated in future.

Objective and Among air pollutants، particles are the primary and major pollutant. Research conducted by World Health Organization (WHO) shows that per each 10 micrograms increase in the concentration of particles، the mortality rate rises 1 to 3 times. The purpose of this study has been to determine the concentration of PM2. 5 and determinants of it distribution in Tehran’s metro stations is autumn and winter of 2012. In this study، concentrations of PM2. 5 in 24 of Tehran’s metro stations were measured during autumn and winter. At each station، samples were taken in 4 spots and 4 times: morning، afternoon، evening and night. For sampling of particles، a portable real-time reading particle monitoring device HAZ DUST EPAM 5000 with a flow of 4 liters per minute was used. Results from measurements were compared with EPA and DOE (Department of Environment) standards. The results showed that max، average and min concentrations of PM2. 5 in underground stations were 103، 49 and 10 µg/m3 respectively، also max، average and min concentration PM2. 5 at ground-level stations were 99، 39 and 8 µg/m3 respectively. The results of this study indicate that the average concentration of suspended particles in Tehran metro stations was higher than EPA and DOE environment standards and air quality in metro stations was inappropriate.

Background and The majority of patients with cancers of the digestive system admit themselves to the health care systems in the final stages of the disease and conventional treatments do not have a major impact on the prognosis in these patients. Therefore، utilization of new methods of treatment with lower adverse effects can cause higher survival rates. In this study، the in vitro effects of 4 avocado extracts on esophagus squamous cell carcinoma in comparison with peripheral mononuclear blood cells have been evaluated. In an experimental study، after acquiring alcoholic، chloroform، ethyl acetate and petroleum avocado fruit (Persea Americana) extracts، their effects on squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus cell growth were compared with controls in cell culture using MTT method. The results from this study on esophageal squamous cell cancer shows an inverse linear relationship between the concentrations of living cells there are avocado extract. Furthermore، results show that avocado fruit extract play an inhibitory role on the growth of cancerous cells in comparison with normal cells (p<0. 05). Avocado fruit is a rich source of phytochemicals which shows an effective role in inhibition of cancer cell growth. This study demonstrates its effectiveness in esophageal cancer for the first time. Usage of the extract of this fruit، it seems، can be a supplementary treatment in esophagus cancers.

Background and

Pphenol is one of major available compound in industrial wastewater. Phenol is classified as priority and dangerous pollutant in International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and in list of EPA. Thus، the purpose of this study is survey on effect of sorbitol on phenol removal rate by lemna minor.

Tthis is an empirical- lab study. In this study، lemna minor in various amounts (0. 3، 0. 4، 0. 6gr) was contacted with phenol concentration of 5، 10، 25، 50 ppm and sorbitol was added in known amounts into containers (0. 2 and 1gr). In order to prevent of probable error، all experiments were done 2 times. Every 4 days، samples were provided from containers and the phenol concentration was determined by colorimetery in wavelength of 510nm..

Tthe findings of this study showed that the increasing of initial concentration of phenol can decrease the removal rate and in concentration of less than 10 mg/l، the removal rate can be up to 95-99%. The removal rate of phenol increase by increasing of contact time and amount of lemna. Presence of sorbitol in culture medium can lead to increase of growth and reproduction and increasing of removal rate of phenol by lemna.

Llemna minor is able to remove of phenol from aqueous. The addition of sorbitol carbohydrate can lead to increase of growth and reproduction and the efficiency of phenol removal by leman minor.

Background and

Nowadays the laboratory mice are frequently used in basic science research. However، these animals may be infected with some pathogens as parasites. The study of parasites infecting laboratory mice is important on account of two reasons: 1) zoonotic agents and 2) interference with the results of some studies such as immunology and pharmacology. Thus، we carried out this study to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites، particularly zoonoses، in Swiss-Webster mice.

In this study، fifty Swiss-Webster mice were randomly purchased from Pasteur Institute of Iran (Amol branch). After euthanizing the mice، their intestinal contents were separately examined using standard parasitological methods.

The results showed that thirty-seven mice (74%) were infected with at least one parasite. The highest prevalence (83. 78%) was with Rodentolepis nana and the lowest (2. 7%) with Blastocystis sp. This is the first report of natural infection with Blastocystis sp. in laboratory mice. Moreover، our results indicated a high prevalence of two zoonotic parasites in laboratory mice: Rodentolepis nana (83. 78%) and Giardia muris (27. 01%).

Considering the existence of zoonotic parasites in the mice and the interference of these parasites with some studies، it is necessary for those dealing with these animals to attend to the principles of the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP).

Industrial wastewater is one of the major environmental pollutants. Discharge of the colorful industrial effluent into the receptive waters leads to eutrophication and has mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Therefore، the aim of this study was to investigate the removal of acid blue113 from aqueous solutions by Canola (Brassica Napus) waste. This is an experimental-lab study. Canola waste was used as an adsorbent to remove the acid blue113 dye. The effect of various parameters on adsorbent performance was investigated. The isotherms of adsorption were determined. The dye concentration was measured in wavelength of 566 nm by spectrophotometer. The results indicated that the removal rate of dye increased with increasing the contact time and dose of adsorbent but the amount of adsorbed dye per gram adsorbent (qe) decreased. The removal rate increased with decreasing the initial concentration of dye، too. In the optimum state، the adsorbent could adsorb about 99 percent of the dye. The data of adsorption were best fitted to Langmuir isotherm. This study indicated that Canola waste can be used as an effective and inexpensive adsorbent to treat of textile effluents

Water quality has directly related to personal and public health. Therefore monitoring of water supplies and theirs sanitary conditions is very important. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical quality of drinking water in Khoy city (West Azarbaijan province، Iran) during 2008 and 2009. This resach was a descriptive study. All data of water quality was received from Water and Wastewater Co in Western Azerbaijan province. Collected data was for 24 months from March 2008 to February 2009. The data were analyzed by using Spss and Excel software and then compared with the national standards. the results showed that the mean concentration of nitrate was18. 9 ± 9. 4 mg / l during two years. The mean concentration of EC was 589 ±120µs/cm in the all studied wells. The mean concentration of fluoride was 0. 39 ± 0. 1 mg /l. The average hardness of water was 293 ±64 mg/l as calcium carbonate. Although the electrical conductivity and nitrate concentrations in Khoy city drinking water were lower than the standard values، the concentration had the increasing trend in two years consequently. According to average annual temperature of weather in the region، the fluoride content is lower than the standard value in all wells. The drinking water of Khoy city is calssifed in hard and very hard categories. The relation between hardness and electrical conductivity is a direct linear ratio.

The amount and composition of municipal solid waste، as basic data، require to design، operation and optimization of waste management systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the qualitative and quantitative of municipal solid waste in tabriz city. This is a cross-sectional study. The samples were collected from all regions (10 regions) of Tabriz city. The samples have chosen according random cluster sampling during a year. 12 samples were collected in each season. Then، the data were analyzed by SPSS and Excel softwares. The results indicated that amount of MSW was 1200 tons per day. The content of organic material، paper & cardboard and recyclable (plastic، metal، glass and etc) was 52%، 13. 15% and 19%، respectively. The maximum and minimum production rate was in august and January، respectively. Approximately، 85% of wastes included the recyclable and organic materials which the reuse of this material prevents the environmental pollution. The citizens believed that the most important of MSW program should be the promoting awareness، waste reduction and recycling.

Background and Diazinon (DZN) is a commonly used organophos phorous (OP) pesticide. It is synthetic chemical substance with broad spectrum insecticide activity [3]. Toxic effects of diazinon are due to the inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase activity، an enzyme needed for proper nervous system function. It has been widely used throughout the world with applications in agricul ture and horticulture for controlling insects [4،5]. The Se is an essential dietary trace element which plays an important role in a number of biological processes [18] consists of antioxidant and anti mutagenic properties In the experiment، a total of 45 rats (200-250 gr) were used. The rats were randomly divided into 9 groups with five animals in each group. Animals were concurrently administered intraperitoneally with DZN in proper solvent (20 mg/kg body weight (b. w.)) and Se at three different doses (0. 5، 1، and 2 mg/kg b. w.) for 30 consecutive days. After necropsy، liver and kidneys of all animals were isolated and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Using examples of common practices pathology tissue sections، 5 microns thick sections by microtome and prepared for staining with hematoxylin - eosin were prepared. In the liver of groups that diazinon had received، focal hepatic necrosis was created. Exposure also causes dilation of sinusoids in the liver parenchyma. Selenium in Dose of 0. 5mg / kg asthecontrolgroup، although high dose 2mg / kg causesfibrosisandfocalnecrosis، venous congestion and spasticitytic. Ingroups with diazinon received Selenium 0. 5 mg / kg lead toinflammatory cellinfiltrationin the portaltract and centralveindilatation. Together with theselenium 2 mg/kgdiazinoncausednecrosisand hepaticnecrosis inzone 3andspasticitytic. However،inthis study،diazinonwasinduced inflammation butnosignificantchangeinkidney of rat’s. necrosisanddestruction ofepithelial cellswere notobserved Thisstudy showed thatdiazinonhas theability to causeliver and kidneydamage، although the damage is less in kidney in comparison with liver damage. It was alsoobservedthatselenium in dose of 0. 5 mg / kg is able toreducethedamage; however the damage increased when the dose was increasing. It seems، selenium has a harmful role in increased doses، and it result to necrosis and fibrosis

Background and Corrosion is a physicochemical reaction between metal and its surrounding that lead to changing in water quality. Corrosion causes to solve the pipelines that release the pollutants in the water. The objective of this study was to assess the scale formation and corrosion of drinking water supplies in Yasuj (Iran) in 2012 This research was a descriptive and cross-sectional study. Experiments were conducted according to standard methods for water and wastewater experiment in the Water and Wastewater Co. The data were analyzed by using of Excel and Water Stability analyzer softwares. The results were compared with national and international standards. The results showed that the calcium and TDS contents are not in the recommended range of national and WHO standards. The Langelier Index ranged from -0. 91 to -0. 43 in summer and -0. 66 to -0. 25 in the winter. The average of Rayznr index was 8. 61±0. 23 and 8. 48±0. 07 in the summer and the winter، respectively. The average of aggression، Puckorius and Larson indexes were 11. 58، 8. 13 and 0. 29 respectively، which indicates the most of water supplies don’t tend to scale formation، however tend to mild corrosion. The results showed that water supplies of Yasuj city was mild corrosive. Therefore water quality should be control. Also water pipelines should be preserved with several modes of corrosion inhibition.

Background and

Toxoplasma is one of the most common infections among humans and animals. The prevalence of Toxoplasma infection is different in regions according to geographical conditions، habits and history of contact with cats. The present study aims to determine the seroepidemiology of toxoplasma in among children in rural areas of Maraveh- tapeh in Golestan province.

This cross-sectional study was carried out throught 2012. Blood samples was taken from children in rural areas of Maraveh- tapeh including Gook dare، Post dare، Arab gare-Haji، Pachoqhly. Serum samples were tested by IgG-ELISA and IgM-ELISA. The data were registered and then analyzed by SPSS software

A total of 340 subjects، 168 (49. 4%) was male and 172 (50. 6%) was female. The range of age was between 6 months to 12 years old. Twelve subjects (3. 5 %) were positive for IgG anti-toxoplasma by ElISA. The highest seroprevalence rate was detected in 6-12 years old age. Additionally none positive case of IgM anti-toxoplasma was detected.

Our results showed that increasing anti-toxoplasma antibody titers along with age. It could be offered raising awareness regard the disease and its consequences for individuals and society on the one hand the change in dietary habits and health principles adhered to toxoplasmosis، the disease rate.

Background and In recent years، the use of online technologies in education، opportunities for the use of modern methods of learning and effective teaching methods has provided. This phenomenon affects on education and learning opportunities to develop and SY، access to educational resources and training has helped facilitate the process-learning using network technologies (e. g. Internet) in order to design، implement and continue to deliver teaching and learning is the learning environment. The main objective of this study views the students about the use of e-learning system and its related factors in the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in 1390، respectively. This study used a descriptive cross - sectional on all the students spent three semesters were performed. The questionnaire includes 26 questions that Standard by Dawkins and colleagues of the five options (from high to low) and in six dimensions (access to technology، constant communication، motivation، learning through the media، Internet chat and e-learning success) is. The findings indicated that the positive attitude the students about all aspects of electronic learning (access to technology، constant communication، motivation، learning through the media، Internet chat and e-learning success) Dashtndv University School of Pharmacy 3 access to technology، online communities and e-learning success had the most positive، while the 3 ''motivation، learning through media and Internet chat group had the least positive. Other findings also suggest that the moderating variables: age، sex and education level of 5% error in the dimensions of e-learning has a significant relationship (p≤ 0/05). According to the results and positive outlook Medicine and Pharmacy students towards e-learning can be concluded that the students and Pharmacology، Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences ready for the implementation of e-learning are relatively acceptable.

Since، rice is the main source of food for the majority of people in the world، including Iran، determine of concentration and distribution of heavy metals in rice plants is important. The aim of this study was to determine cadmium، chromium and zinc concentrations in rice produced of the Mobarakeh County. Sampling was conducted based on stratified random method from 10 cities and villages. Three samples were taken from any place and then mixed together. The samples were prepared based on ASTM (2000) method and the concentrations of cadmium، lead and chromium were determined. In order to perform calculations، describe and analyze of the data، Excel and SPSS 15 software’s and T-Test statistical test was used. The mean concentration of cadmium in samples was 0. 178 ± 0. 048 mg / kg. Cadmium concentration in the 40 percent of combined samples was equal to or greater than the standard rate. Average concentrations of lead and chromium in the samples were 0. 176 ± 0. 056 and 0. 148 ± 0. 055 mg/kg dry weight respectively. Lead and chromium concentrations were less than the FAO/WHO standards in all samples and this difference was statistically significant (P <0. 001). Discussion and Only in few cases، the concentration of cadmium was upper than standard rate but lead and chromium concentration in all samples were below standards. Weekly intake of cadmium، chromium and lead were below the acceptable or tolerable levels recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. So، the serious risk does not threat the public health.

Bisphenol A is an aromatic compound that has many applications in various industries and is known as persistent pollutants. The aim of this study was to investigate bisphenol A removal by using activated carbon and shell eggs from aqueous solution by response surface experimental designs. In this study، activated carbon and eggshell were used as adsorbents. The adsorbents were prepared using standard methods and then were sized. The variables were pH، retention time، concentration bisphenol A and adsorbent dose. All experiments were performed by standard methods، and sample size determined by Box Behnken method. The results showed that adsorption efficiency of both adsorbents increased with increasing in time، BPA concentration and lower pH. Maximum adsorption of activated carbon and eggshell was 92 and 33 percent، respectively. The maximum of adsorption rate was occured at the 120 min retention time. ANOVA statistical test data showed that the surface response model had statically significant liner relationship in the case of activated carbon and liner، square and interaction in the case of eggshell. Bisphenol adsorption by the eggshell adsorbent is low and insignificant compared to activated carbon. Activated carbon is a good adsorbent for bisphenol A.

Background and Diazinon، is the common name an organophosphorus pesticide (OP)، used to control pest insects in soil، on ornamental plants، and on fruit and vegetable field crops. DZN induce oxidative stress leading to generation of free radicals and change in antioxidants system and caused pathological change in body. The purpose of this study was to assess the protective effects of L-Carnitine against pathological change of kidney and liver induced by diazinon in rat In this study، used male Wistar rats in the range of 200 ± 250 gr (n =5). Animals were randomly divided into 9 groups and received chemicals for 4 weeks intraperitoneally. After necropsy، liver and kidneys of all animals were isolated and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Using examples of common practices pathology tissue sections، 5 microns thick sections by microtome and prepared for staining with hematoxylin - eosin were prepared. in the liver of groups that diazinon had received، focal hepatic necrosis was created. Exposure also causes dilation of sinusoids in the liver parenchyma. Liver and kidney pathology in the groups receiving doses of 50mg / kg carnitine as a control group. in a dose 150mg / kg central venous distention was seen in the liver. in the groups of receiving diazinon and L - carnitine central venous inflammation، congestion and necrosis were evident. The dose 150 mg / kg inflammation persists، but necrosis was significantly reduced. The pathology of the kidney tissue in the groups receiving diazinon showed inflammation and congestion This study showed thatdiazinonhas theability to induced liverdamage although damagetokidney tissue is lesser. It alsowas shown that L-carnitine indose-dependent manner is able to reduced diazinon induced damage

The power transmission lines are the emission source of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields that are considered to have an adverse impact on human health. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of magnetic flux with extremely low frequencies (ELF) around high voltage power transmission lines in the western areas of Tehran in 2012. In this study the magnetic flux density was measured around three lines of high voltage electricity transmission (63، 230 and 400 kV). The employed device for magnetic flux measurement was Triple axis TES 1394 tester. The measurements were taken according to IEEE standard procedures (Std 644-1994) in four distance (0، 5، 10 and 20 m). The results showed that the amount of the minimum، mean and maximum of magnetic flux density were 0. 14،1. 43 ±1. 25 and 11. 51µT respectively. The flux density was lower than the standard international commission on ionizing radiation protection in all cases. Discussion and The average level of magnetic flux density was about 1. 25% of the exposure limit ICNIRP standard (100 µT) around the three lines. Also the magnetic flux density rate decreases with increasing distance from the line and decreasing flow.

Background and

HbA1c is one of the best important markers in controlling of diabetic patients. Today، long-term assessment of blood glucose in diabetic patient''s takes place by measuring glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C). One of the main causes of death in diabetics is cardiovascular diseases that the increase in blood lipids and atherosclerosis is a major causes of these diseases. The aim of this study was investigated the relationship HbA1C with the Risk factors of blood lipids.

This cross-sectional study on the records of 173 patients with type 2 diabetes (female: 132 and male: 41)، which were chosen based on non-probability sampling that mean age were 51. 8±11. 5 years. HbA1C levels and lipid profile were determined respectively by Column chromatography and enzymatic methods. Values of LDL-C/HDL-C ratio، risk factor (TCH / HDL-C) and Atherogenic Index of Plasma or AIP (Log TG / HDL-C) was calculated. Data were analyzed with statistical software SPSSver. 16.

TG levels were significantly higher in males and HDL-C levels significantly higher in females، but the other variables did not differ between the sexes. HbA1C was showed a significant direct correlation with the TCH، TG، AIP، LDL-C، and the risk ratio. But there is not significant correlation in age، HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio.

Our findings indicated that HbA1C levels not only can be used as an indicator of long-term control of blood glucose but also can serve as an early warning of heart complications - cardiovascular disease in diabetics.

The nitrite and nitrate are considered as pollutant agents of ground water resource، which are currently entering the wastewater types their average، are increasing. In this study، changes in nitrate and nitrite in drinking water resources of Gachsaran are reviewed with GIS systems.

In this cross-sectional study، the sampling and measurement of parameters was done based on the Standard method book، Overall the number 258 samples from 43 sources and results of 5 years Archived analysis in Water and sewage Co with GIS software version 9. 3 and SPSS version 16 and Pearson correlation test was analyzed.

The results showed that، the concentration of nitrate from 5. 15 (based on nitrate) in year of 2006 and nitrite from 0. 01 in 2009 increased to 10. 87 and 0. 0157 (ppm)، respectively in 2011. The minimum of nitrate concentration related to year of 2006 and their maximum was 11ppm (based on nitrate) in 2009 and local changes of nitrite and nitrate levels indicated that the studied area have high quality Compared to other areas. Discussion and

According to the results، the concentration of nitrite and nitrate is increased during the past years. While the concentration of these parameters was less than determined National and international standards، but due to the risks of this elements must be prevented the increasing trend.

Background and Maintenance of safety in housing is among concerns of the urban and rural healthy life in our country. Disregarding of safety issues and probability of occurrence of accident impose many costs on the families and Ministry of Health and Medical Education. This study aimed to determine safety status of residential housing in rural families of Ramian Township in 2011. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 12965 residential housings (all households) in Ramian township (Golestan Province، Iran) in 2011 according to credible safety checklist of Ministry of Health (five parts: kitchen، bedroom، bathroom، balcony and roof، and the staircase). After completing the checklist، the overall home safety score and scores of its five parts were calculated and were graded. Then data were analyzed by SPSS version 16، Excel and descriptive statistics. Results showed that five sections of home had acceptable safety، including kitchen (96. 64%)، bedroom (96. 49%)، staircase (95. 53%)، yard، balcony، parking lot and roof (94. 27%)، and the bathroom (93. 42%). Overall، 0. 72% homes (93 households)، 2. 43% homes (315 households) and of 96. 85% homes (12،548 households) had poor، average and acceptable safety score، respectively. Also، Ghareghach and Saadabad health care centers had subsequently minimum and maximum overall home safety score. The results indicated that houses of eight rural health care centers had significantly different safety overall and five parts scores. The results also showed that the overall home safety in rural families of Ramian Township، in contrast to previous studies، even in the central area and the outskirts of the city، has been higher or close to equal. For maintaining and improving the safety of residential homes، other mechanisms are presented، such as increasing of public awareness، strengthening inter-sectorial cooperation and participation، and encouraging of households evaluated as safe.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells that expands during cancer، inflammation and infection، and together with regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a remarkable ability to suppress immune responses. The phenotype of MDSCs differs in humans and mice، and the exact mechanisms of their suppressive function are still controversially discussed. Limited data are available on MDSC in humans. Suppressor activity has been associated with high arginase 1 and iNOS activity as well as ROS production by MDSC. MDSCs regulate both acquired and innate immunity by direct or indirect pathways. In this Review، we discuss the origin، mechanisms of expansion and suppressive functions of MDSCs، as well as the potential to target these cells for therapeutic benefit.

A high percent of patients with Sarcoidosis experience symptoms related to different organs. Several studies showed that ocular involvement is the most current extra thoracic symptom of this disease. The main disorders contributed to this disease are: Anterior and Posterior uveitis، conjunctiva involvement and papillary edema. However most studies concentrate on the critical complications which mentioned above، some other disorders like granules of conjunctiva، cataracts، hemorrhage، optic disk swelling and proptosis were also seen after sarcoidosis. In this article we review these disorders and other probable cases. Based on the reviewed literatures، there is not any similar study like our review in Iran.

Due to the predisposing conditions in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) caused by defective mucociliary clearance facilitates of colonization and invasion with bacteria and fungal species has dramatically increased. In different studies many opportunistic fungi such as Candida and Aspergillus species have been frequently isolated from the respiratory tract of patient suffering from cystic fibrosis. Molecular biotyping studies have revealed that some fungal genotypes are capable of chronically colonizing in the airways. Although colonization of Candida species was more common، other fungi such as Aspergillus species، Scedosporium apiospermum، and Exophiala dermatitidis frequently recovered from respiratory secretions of CF patients. Due to the predisposing conditions of fungi agent colonization in these patients، identification and preliminary diagnosis of infectious agents for early treatment and preventing the invasion is highly recommended. On the other hand، regarding the differences in epidemiology، virulence، and susceptibility profile in isolated species of fungi from cystic fibrosis patients، identification and discrimination of ethological agents are crucially important and further studies is highly suggested.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular protozoan that infects all warm-blooded vertebrates. Almost one-third of people throughout the world are infected by this parasite. Although toxoplasmosis is often lethal in HIV/AIDS patients، neoplastic disease، bone marrow or heart transplant recipients، it results in life-long protective immunity in healthy people. Hence، different antigens of T. gondii such as membrane، cytoplasmic and excreted-secreted antigens (ESA) can be potential candidates for immunization. Among these antigens، ESAs play an important role in induction of immune system responses. Dense granules، micronemes and rhoptries are secretory organelles in Apicomplexa protozoa. The contents of T. gondii are factors of recognition and attachment to cells، making parasitophorous vacuole (PV)، and intracellular proliferation and survival، and pathogenesis. This article reviews different kinds of ESA released from these structures. It seems necessary to identify molecular aspects of ESA before diagnosis، treatment and immunization studies.

Congenital dislocation of the knee (CDK) is a rare congenital anomaly and the incidence of the CDK is estimated as 1 per 100،000 births. Diagnosis is made through clinical inspection and X-ray radiography. Our patient is a newborn male with congenital dislocation of the left knee. After diagnosis، the knee was reduced successfully within 24 hours of birth and then serial casting was performed. After one year of follow-up، the knee appears normal and prognosis is excellent. In some reports the best time for reduction of dislocated knee is within 24 hours after birth and delayed reduction is suggested to increase the difficulty of treatment، but some authors have suggested waiting of 1 month for spontaneous reduction of CDK. The aim of this report is emphasis on early reduction of congenital dislocation of the knee، and also precise evaluation for ruling out related disorders.

Acquired ichthyosis is a scaly skin disease that usually affects the trunk and limbs، commonly on the extensor surfaces. It is a nonhereditary disorder usually appears during adulthood and is seems to be associated with large number of disease and medications. In this paper we report an extremely rare a case of bilateral acquired localized ichthyosis on breast in a 19-year-old girl. She had not any past medical and special drug history. The diagnosis has confirmed by exact physical examination and pathologic evaluations and now the lesions are improving by suitable treatment.