فصلنامه تاریخ فرهنگ و تمدن اسلامی
پیاپی 12 (پاییز 1392)

The achievements of each nation in the ground of civilization prepare a national valuable property whose information is very important. Among such achievements in Ilkhani period of Iran may be counted Maragheh Observatory and Rab'-e Rashidi. They were established respectively by Khawjah Nasir al-Din Tusi and Rashid al-Din Hamedani. Khawjah Nasi established a civilization at that time and, after a short cultural stoppage, Rashid al-Din went on with it. Regarding the subject, this paper has intended to study the cases of civilization in that period comparatively to find their connections with each other.

Among the views on Imam Hosein`s purpose in his great movement, that of Ibn Tawoos in Lohuf has been well-known and common to such an extent that today many groups of scholars and all people believe that Imam went to Karbala to be killed for supporting Divine religion of Islam. In the paper, the documents given in Ibn Tawoos` famous book, al-Lohuf, as one of the leading works in the field, have been critically studied. As is shown, of the documents some may be agreed with yet some are scientifically exposed to doubt.

As is understood by the Safavid documents, surely endowment has been of its most flourishing periods in that time. Safavid King have been counted as the forerunners for great endowments and, following them, many of regional rulers, men of the Court and charitable people throughout country endowed considerable parts of their properties. With regard to the extensiveness and dispersion of the studies in the field, in this paper, it has been tried to focus on the deeds of bestowment in their original or copy form and some digital sources. Emphasizing on the deeds in Mashhad as one of the most important and oldest religious places in the view of those of endowment and Ardabil, with a rich background of Khaneqahi endowments, the social position and classes of those of endowment have been surveyed.

Mentioning historical events in the poems of religious poets is regarded as a manifestation of the connection of literature and history. Ashoora is a historical event of Islam, and Sheikh Saleh Alkawwaz a religious poets of thirteenth century of Hijrah. Using rhetoric ornament of allusion and referring to Quranic verses, he has presented a beautiful and glorious picture of the event of Karbala in which the martyrs of Karbal with the prophets of Bani Israel have been compared. This paper has intended to introduce this poet and his long poem. In this way, the why of the high position of his poem in literature become clear.

Analytical method has been known to be one of the most important methods in studying people`s manner of life. In the method, scientific principles and the norms for historical critique are used. One main work in the field has been known to be that of Seyyed J`afar Morteza Ameli, as-Sahih min Sirat-in-Nabi, in which scientific norms have been given to distinguish right traditions from the weak ones. In this paper, Ameli`s incompatibilities in the book have been extracted and classified with some examples of each class. The incompatibilities may be classified in the method of evaluation, judging on people, commenting the holy verse or historical text and finding the date of events.

Research on the roots and causes of dangerous phenomenon of exaggeration, ghuluv, mainly appeared as overstating Shiite Imams, is of considerable important. Needless to say, exact acquaintance to the roots and causes of exaggeration, in many cases, would support people against this danger. Relying on precedent historical, traditional, sectarian documents and noting to different views in the field, this paper has concluded that overstatement lies in psychical, social, political, economical and ideological grounds. One may give examples for the cases as: extreme love, sense for making myth, lack of knowledge and dogmatic following, political presses and opposing them, opposing the household of the Prophet and Islam, laxity, sectarian conflicts and foreign agents of ill mind.