فصلنامه اخلاق زیستی
پیاپی 3 (بهار 1391)

The prejudice between the human rights and the rights of other beings such as animals and the environmental law is being diluted in recent decades by utilizing the western empiricist view and at same time interacting with competent traditions and cultures- that have attached an intrinsic value and respect to other beings. But, it is clear that in this period, the environment and the human being in the final analysis have suffered irrecoverable damages from this little attention. All of this is notwithstanding that in the international law and some cultures, not only the "human being" and his rights are noticed and emphasized, but also the environment and in fact, the human's partners in this world have been attached intrinsic value and rights; a perspective that if it was noticed by the west as the main origin of the modern international law, at least we would not have observed some current environmental problems. In this paper, the globalization of the bioethics, the importance and the necessity of mutual understanding and effective interaction among different cultures in the arena of international law and utilizing its approaches in the field of bioethics have been stressed by the authors.

Today, new medicine science and enter new and complicated technologies into human issue area, enforced intellectuals with many disturbance that focus on medical ethics issue. This intellectual try to imporve medicine area and also in this way they want to develope ethics issue and very important aspect of this is to improve medical ethics philosophical foundations. In this way, transcendent theosophy philosophical order supply deeper philosophical bases that drawn by religious sources and they proceed ethics issue. In the view of philosophy learning like substantial motion principle, Corporeality creation and spiritual survival formula, dressing after dressing issue. Medical ethics would have improvement rational and philosophy. With emphesis medicine ethics on transcendent theosophy philosophical foundations, beside of having deeper philosophical thoughts bases, we responce two philosophical challenges of new medicine, means "aboration of fetus (Embryo)" and "organ dedication (donation)".

Water is the most valuable environmental factors that has essential role in life and human health. A quick review of the Islamic sources shows that optimal use of this gift of God has alwaysstressed by infallible Imams. By counting twelve types of water, Muslim jurists have tried, depending on different climatic conditions, on the one hand to show the right water consumption to the public and the other hand to prevent its waste and pollution by determination of religious indicators. The main question in ethical- juridical study water resources productivity is that weather we can create a significant and logical relation between bioethics principles and religious teachings connected to environment? In this study we try to present ethical - religious model in conservation and utilization of Water as one of the natural environmental factor by using the juridical resources. In this descriptive and library research we’ve attempted to study the position of Justice and non-maleficence as two ethical principals in religious teachings after explaining the concepts and principles of bioethics and then based on that we will evaluate quality and outcomes of utilization of resources water. Data: This review reflects on the other hand, the principals of Bioethics are universal and approved by Islamic leaders because of intellectual origin and the other hand, centuries before formulating these principals, Muslim jurists have tried to express human tasks in face of environmental resources including surface and subsurface water in form of statements of environmental fegh, with emphasis to the religious teachings (the Quran and Sunnat) and attention to them. Principles of justice and non-maleficience are the two principles of Bioethics governing the utilization of environmental resources, including water resources, and any use of these resources, regardless of it, will be immoral and also unlawful.

Health Technology Assessment (HTA) a multidisciplinary process that information about medical, social, economic and ethical issues from use of health technologies summarize in a systematic, transparent, unbiased and robust way. It Aimed to create awareness and provide information to formulate proper and effective health policies, that be patient-centered and seeks to achieve best value. The assessment of ethical aspects of health technology as one of the objectives of the HTA is considered. In practice integrating this aspect to the process are still limited. This integration can lead to improved communication between HTA and health policy in both developed and developing countries. Hence, this paper has focused on several points: the concept of HTA; relationship between HTA and ethics, ethical issues in HTA; ethical analysis and the methods used for integrating ethical analysis in HTA.

Raising the idea of Human Rights in the thoughts sky of human beings, has started the evolution of discourses. Extending protective capacity of Human Rights towards patients is an important pointturning from moral perspective on illness to a justice approach to it. In Virtue ethics, taking care of a patient is just a personal Virtue. A moral action is based on will and liberty and thus makes the patient in depth of a favor to his attendant. On the contrary, From Human Rights perspective, illness is a source of right of patient. In this standpoint, protecting patients is an obligation which governments owe to such citizens. This obligation arises from the idea of justice and therefore the patient’s dignity is well preserved also.

In line with the remarkably rapid increase of the number of patent applications on nanotech inventions, legal disputes have arisen as to the challenges facing the patentability of such inventions. Chief among them are the issues of the novelty and inventive step of nanotech inventions. With respect to the novelty, the question is whether the minimized forms of substances can be regarded as novel over the substances at larger scales? Also, the question concerning inventive step is in what situations nanotech inventions are considered as involving inventive step? This article seeks to identify the difficulties of nanotech inventions in meeting the novelty and inventive step requirements and examine the solutions suggested by the European Patent Office (EPO) and its case law during the examination of nanotech patent applications. The findings of this case show that merely making a known materials or devices smaller does not grant novelty to the invention. Instead, the size of the nanoparticles (or the sub-range selection) in patent applications related to the nanotech inventions needs to be narrow, sufficiently far removed from the prior art, and/or purposeful with new technical teaching. Also, the mere minimization or reduction of the particle size does not account for the inventive step of an invention. It must be shown that the invention has a new technical advantage not found in the prior art, and not obvious to a skilled person which comes from the size differences. It is only in this situation that the inventive step of downscaling of particles may be acknowledged.

Ethics of Cultural Critique is an obvious evidence of the applied ethics that has been provided aiming at explaining and presenting behavioral codes and practical ethics for those wishing to criticize cultural issues and it emphasizes on objective and partial cases. Considering the scope and multiplicity of definitions and the necessity of concentration on particular definitions, the preliminary sections of the paper, have been devoted to the explanation and clarification of such words as critique, culture and cultural critique and given the quadruple layers of the culture including insights, values and ideals, behaviors and dispositions and also symbols and external manifestations, the ethical advices have been presented in such a way so as to cover different layers and overall, 26 ethical precepts have been proposed for the critics of the culture arena. In the end, setbacks, defects and weaknesses in the way of the realization of the critique culture and cultural critique in the Iranian community have been indicated.