فصلنامه مدیریت و برنامه ریزی محیط زیست
پیاپی 9 (پاییز 1392)

One of the most important fields to create a suitable environment for the residents of the cities is the development of urban green space. Thus the management of urban green space and use all of its potential is an important point for planner in urban environmental management. In this study, focused on the citizen attitudes and the use patterns of yards green space in urban residential in Isfahan city. The research was conducted in the form of survey study. Classified random sampling was selected because in the past studied had divided the Isfahan city green space in to three categories: High, medium and low level. The data for this research was collected from 230 citizen ship in Isfahan city. The Validity of questionnaire was determined by using expert opinion and the reliability of questionnaire was determined by calculating the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient (0.76) after conducting a pilot study. Analysis of the survey results showed that the average size of residential courtyard between 50 to 100 m2. Also green space consisted of half of the residential courtyard. These results showed that the development of the courtyard green space of urban residential could be help to improve the green space in the urban environment management. The result of this study showed that the average use of the courtyard green space was less than 2 hours a day.In the viewpoint of Isfahan citizen's the priorities of the use of courtyard green space was to satisfy the spiritual - psychological needs (87.7%).Also the most users prefer to use the tree of green space element (34.3%).Also in the viewpoint of Isfahan citizens willing to make changes in the design of courtyard green space was the high, therefore the 73% of respondent confirmed the need of create changes of the design in your courtyard green space.

The role of Geospatial information system (GIS) in urban planning has been optimized and increased in the metropolitan areas of developing countries. The capabilities of this new method on one hand and the diversity and the large scale of geospatial information from Tehran's metropolitan area among all these metropolises on the other hand can lead to a new design and implementation of geospatial information in different strategic realms. Therefore, in this research the use of GIS is recommended for “Bird Garden” in Tehran. Preparing data and designing data base for “Bird Garden” GIS program, provides the opportunity to optimize data management in order to have a better management and implement better services in the garden. In this research we tried to manage and use descriptive and geographical data both together and separately, which is consisted of sections like data input, data view, data editing, modeling analysis, data export and managing them in intranet and internet. As a result with this method we could make drastic changes in services system in “Bird Garden”.

In residence, obligations and duties of the citizens of the city manager has the following values and norms are important, the optimal management of urban areas with an emphasis on citizenship education, Databases and educator in the city, to pass on to people in urban education with the goal of promoting social participation requires more than before., In today's society, Recycling can be very significant and important role in conservation and sustainable development of the nation and eventually the country to play. Partnership Citizens, especially children and housewives in waste separation can play a valuable step in furthering the objectives of sustainable development. Trustee Civic and citizenship education in this field, culture and education authority to make citizens more effectively done so in order to achieve the goals conservation of natural resources and Also avoid environmental contamination as a factor for work., In today's society, education, culture and urban life necessity is obvious. One of the main concepts in the academic literature, develop training content is consistent with the needs of citizens, including issues that are very important today is to recycle. This is also the level of citizen participation in source separation of waste and the role of education in District 13 has been discussed. And aims to increase the rate of participation and the role of education and acculturation in District 13 and the sample size according to the number 400 is derived from Cochran's formula. Of the sample was randomly. In this level of citizen participation, the role of education and culture, information and facilities for the authorities to encourage citizens to Participation in waste separation from the source as research hypotheses were tested. And the assumptions made in the study received approval. And finally to provide solutions for more citizen participation in source separation of waste was discussed.

Master of agriculture meteorology, GorganAbstractThe mixing height is one of the effective factors on dispersion of environmental pollutants such as CO and PM10 in city ambient. In this study, the effect of the mixing height on concentrations of CO and PM10 was investigated.The morning and afternoon mixing height calculated for 10 days of January month. The Results showed that morning mixing height has not a significant effect on the amount of these pollutants. Also, there was a significant negative relationship between afternoon mixing height and concentration of PM10 (R=-0.771**). This relationship for carbon monoxide and afternoon mixing height was followed from a moderate significant (R=-0.664*). Also, it was found that dependence of concentration of PM10 as compared to the concentration of CO is higher to the mixing height. On the other hand, a moderate positive correlation observed between concentration of carbon monoxide and particulate matter less than 10 um (R=0.693*).

Amirkalayeh wetland, is located in lowlands and fertile plains of Guilan province, in northeastern border of Lahijan with an area of 1230 ha, a maximum depth of 2.45 m and altitude of 24 m above the free water level. It was one of the few wetlands with freshwater in Iran which is being only between 1.8 km from the Caspian Sea. So far, about 133 species of birds from 41 families have been identified in the wetland of which 39 species are‬ endemic and the rest are immigrants. This study evaluates the features of Amirkalayeh wetland using a modified method of Environmental Protection Agency of Canada. The ecological evaluation of this method is based on three values of life protection, social-cultural and reproductive values of wetland, which is divided into several criteria. In this way, after answering defined questions at any sub criteria, presence or absence of criteria and their importance in terms of national, provincial, regional and local is specified and ability and suitability of wetlands determined. After analyzing the recorded information of the wetland and conducting field surveys and also collecting responses to questions by experts of environmental protection agency of Lahijan, data were summarized and analyzed. Finally, Amirkalayeh wetland acquired more than 50% of the importance level of criteria (96%), and with proving the existence of more than 3 criteria in each value, achieved to the protected area with worthiness.

In the present, Most of wetlands due to changes in hydrological regime and surrounding land use have been away from their natural conditions. The risk assessment studies can be used to achieve a relatively realistic description of the ecological conditions, health and likelihood of risk in wetland areas. Parishan wetland which is located in southwest of Iran in Fars province, has been chosen as a case study for this research. This wetland faced to multi- threats and those are intensified in recent years. In this study, the most important threatening risks of the wetland and endpoints affected by the risks were identified. In the characteristics step, the risks were analyzed based on the severity and probability and level of risks have been identified. To manage and propose the control measures, with gathering expert opinions, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to prioritize these risks. According to the results of this study, water pollution caused by discharges of agriculture and rural sewages into the wetland, land use change in adjacent habitats, indiscriminate exploitation of the fish and birds of the wetland are the most important threatening risks of the wetland respectively. Finally, management strategies to reduce the risks are provided.

Tourist behavior in natural environments is indicative of its culture and generally, will be the culture of that country. One of the most prominent recreational effect left by visitors is waste. This paper was conducted as Traversal method in Golestan National Park. At first, at a field visit of the region, the maximum distance of camp from the road were identified, then at next stage to examine the factors affecting the release of waste in these places questionnaires were distributed. The statistical population is all tourists At all camping areas within the forest. A total, 180 were determined as the sample with random sampling. The tool of investigation is questionnaire that includes the personal information, tourist information and waste generated by tourists. Descriptive results showed that highest proportion of tourists in this research is men with the bachelor degree in the age group 30 - 40 years. The analytical results showed that tourists away from the trash, the season for visiting the park and their education, respectively, are most affected by the release of waste in the environment. Therefore, to reduce the release of waste within the park by tourists, one of the most common methods of trash to fit in the space available and the number of users in the park. Obviously, the areas that are affected more visitors will have a greater volume of waste and therefore It is necessary the management plan to be more focused in this places.