پژوهشنامه تاریخ های محلی ایران
سال یکم شماره 2 (بهار و تابستان 1392)

Local history writing in Safavid era is an issue that has a rather narrow focus. Perhaps the extreme views that have seen the Safavid era a decline in science, literature and historiography, have caused the lack of attention to this important branch of historiography and have triggered different assessments about it. Hence, decoding this issue could correct and mitigate these views. In this article in addition to expression of diverse views, local historiography position in the Safavid era, features andits components, and the author's motivations for writing the chroniclesre view have been studied and a listof the se historiesare presentedwith as etofgeographic regions of the works. The present paperis organized based on the questions whether in the Safavid era as the continuation ofthe tradition of local historiography of Persian historians, like previous periods, these histories have been written? Or not? Local historiography has flourished in the Safavid era or was weak? What were the components of those historiesand the motivations of their authors? The findings of this article show that although in the Safavid era the tradition of local historiography was not very powerful but it continued but the centralization policy of the Safavid dynasty to legitimize the rule, andfallof local governments, reinforced public historiography rather than local historiography.

The historical background of the civilizations of Bushehr leads to several thousand years B. C. It is still hard to say exactly when this city appeared in history or which people or civilization have made its cornerstone. But during the Elamite, in the area that is known today as Bushehr, a great and glorious city had been built, which was named Lian. "Lian" during the Elamite was a part of a province called "Shyryhum" which was regarded as an economic port of that time. Archaeological findings indicate that in addition to the economic importance, this port had political, religious and cultural importance. The discovery of the inscriptions of holygoddess Kiririsha, also repairing sometemples in Lian by some Elamite Kings in the Middle Elamite period (1450-1120 B. C.M.) are regarded as the evidence on this issue. Finally, by the invasion of the Assyrians and the fall of new Elam, the flourish of this port came to its end. In this paper, we investigate the economic, cultural and religious situation of portLian during Elamite era and the flourish of Lian civilization in this period will be discussed as well.

Sarbedaran with a dual political and religious structure emerged from Shiite chivalry, was able to attract different layers of society, especially the urban poor, artisans, and smalllandowners could establish astate that lasted for a short time but it was inspiring. Sarbedaran like other governments were trying to organize an administrative, to continue their government. But the short life of this administration, on going confrontation with enemies, and most importantly, the internal conflicts relinquished Sarbedaran of strongand stable administration. Because of this fact we do not have a decent knowledge of the administration of their government. Furthermore, because of the above mentioned reasons the historical reference shaveless to do with administration in this government. This articleis going to recognize the administration of this government also the role of each sectorin the areas of administrative courts, the Court, the army and the system of provinces, and the reasons why this system had never formed will be reviewed and evaluated.

Azerbaijan region because of its geographical position has always been a special place in the history of the rulers of Iran. The importance of this region in Qajar era from Abbas Mirza’s time with the establishment of the state's crown prince inTabriz has been increased and the proximity of this region with two powers of the Ottoman and Russia had added to its strategic importance. Incidence of drought and famineand the subsequent rise of insecurity, looting and banditry in the years 1296 – 1297 A Hand consequently the region's small tribes’unrest faced stabilization of the region a big challenge, also corrupted and incompetent rulers also added to the range of thepassion. Naqshabandiya collection of document sconcern the rebellion of Sheikh ObaidullahNahri, but amidst documents, there are valuable reports on topics such as famine, public food conditions, grainprices, and the role of the tribes of that region in creation of the dispute between Iran and Russia have been studied. The aim of this study wasto investigate the situationin Azerbaijan based on topics such as insecurity, banditry and looting, drought, famine and tribal role in Iran's relations with Russia are based ona collection of documents of Naqshabandiya. The method of the research is based on library and documents and its process is descriptive- analytical.

After the conquest of Gilan by Shah Abbas I in 1000 AH, that region became different from other parts of Iran.In this study the economic and social structure of Gilan society and the function of the representatives of the Safavid in that region, the backgrounds and the reasons of riots in Gilan after the defeat of the second Khan Ahmad Gilani and its conquest by Shah Abbas I untill the end of his reign have been studied and analyzed. The main objective of this research is to explain the structural analysis of the forgotten and sporadic rebellions of Gilan after the suppression of the second Khan Ahmad Gilani in the reign of ShahAbbas I. The method of the research is according to the library and historical documents. The major findings of the study show that the administration of ShahAbbas I in Gillan failed andonly by rely on threats and coercion they dominated the region. Many riots in Gilan were due to improper functioning of the representatives of the kings Safavid of.

ShahIsmail after the conquest of Khorasan, announced Shia as the formal religion in that region, as in other parts of its territory and tried to make people of Khorassan to follow Shia. But the entrenched sunnism of the people of Khorasan and repeated attacks of the Uzbeks, established a lot of problems for him and his successors. Uzbeks had an influential role in disrupting the development of Shiism. Uzbeks by killing Shiites, especially Shiite preachers and scholars, had prevented Sunnis to become Shia. It was an important factor in the East of Khorasan, especially in the city of Herat that was caused the Sunnis to resist against the Shia by the support of Uzbeks on the one hand, and on the other hand the people who were likely to accept Shi’ism had understood that it was a dangerous act even by the support of the Safavid Government. So they refused to accept Shiism. But after removing the danger of Uzbeks by Shah Abbass I, the acceptance of Shi’ism had been easier. However,it is still in some parts of Khorasan Province,especially in areas adjacent toterritory of Uzbeks there are people who did not accept Shiism. In this article it has been tried to analyze the ways that they could develop Shi’ism in Khorasan province during the Safavid era and the obstacles they had faced, by using the historical and library method.

The period between the fall of the IL Khans (736 AH) until the rise of the Safavids (907 AH) was the most turbulent periods of the history of Iran that set the stage for the growth and empowering the different governments in various parts of Iran. Kurdish tribes in the West and North-West geopolitical scene of showing power of Al-e-Jalayer, Timurids, Karakuyunlulars and Akkoyunlulars were among the areas considered and addressed by the government. This study attempts to explore the political efforts of the Kurdish commanders and their opposing andinteraction with the existed governments.

Among the important developments in southern Iran in late Safavid period-especially after the fall of the dynasty- were immigration and empowering of the different Arabstribes in this region. The tribal groups who in habited the southern coast of the Persian Gulf because of various reasons tended to belocated in the North Coast. In the situation that in the south of Iran especially in the portal and coastal regions of the Persian Gulf, government had no power to control them and because of that there was not a political stability in the region, and the ground was suitable for immigration and growth of such groups. These tribes have long been thought of the presence and influence in the northern coast of Persian Gulf, took advantage of the present situations. One of these tribes was Al-e-Madkour that took advantage of the situations happened in the Persian Gulf region and the interior regions of Iran and they immigrated to the port of Bushehr and established a local government in there. In this article the process of the immigration and empowering of Al-e-Madkour in Bushehr are evaluated based on two issues: terms and public contexts in the South that led to their"migration". This phase started in the late Safavid and continued till the Zand period. During this period, the domestic political situation in Iran and coastal areas was so overstretched to facilitate the migration of various tribes such as Al-e-Madkour. In the second axis specific areas- geographic, economic, and political –that there was in Bushehr are analyzed, those areas were compatible with the conditions of Al-e-Madkour and paved the way for empowering of this family. Then Al-e-Madkour family according to the conditions in the south of Iran, usingtheir own capabilities and capacities of the port of Bushehr, they provided the means of influence their empowering.

In the years 1914-1945, the world went through two world wars and serious adverse and destructive consequences, in addition to the axis countries, were visible even on the countries around the world that were far from the battle front. At that time Iran was in the middle of the conflict and competition between the two countries, Russia in the north and England in the south. They each had their own tail toprotect the country. In this situation Iran does not get anything but harm. Famine was also one of the calamities that Iran gained. Fars province and the south of Iran were caught into this problem. Iranians although had experienced famine many times during the history, but successive droughts and the Allies would exa cerbate this problem. Fars province was the subject of transportation and shipping of the Allies and that was followed by more serious damageon the local economyand famine in to this province was more distinguishable than other provinces in Iran. This article with adescriptive approach, is an analysis of the causes of the starvation in Fars province during the thirty year ssince the beginning of World War I, till the end of World WarII.

The present article studies the governor families of Garous province, present Bijar, in Qajar era and their roles inpolitical and economic developments there. The hypothesis of the article is considering the fact that Garous was once a province in Kordestan, but in the political and economic atmosphere of Qajar era had found an important position which after the constitutional era, and especially after the First World War, declined sharply. The cause of such declination can be summarized because of local conflicts and the occupation of the country ingeneral and specifically the western regionssuch as Kurdistan. It causeda lot of massacres because of foreign invasion and the great famine during First World War. The purpose of this paper is to study political and economic development of the region in the period before the First World Warand the collapse of its place in the post-war era.