نشریه پژوهش های نقد ادبی و سبک شناسی
پیاپی 11 (بهار 1392)

This research is the result of a thourough reading of distichs of Khaghani and Sanaee's sonnets. After an introduction about definition of pause and its history among prosodies, the relation of pause and poetryis touched on. By presenting some graphs, the use of this poetic option is compared and contrasted in the sonnets of these two outstanding poets. Upon analysing the data, at the end we came to the conclusion that, with the evolution of prosody of Persian poetry, rate of application of pause in khaghani's sonnets is less than sanaee's and because of this khaghani's sonnets has more phonetic and musical values.

In surveying the traditional text, three factors such as scarcity, increase or transformation are noticed in the writing of theConjunctive Vav. This issue is the result of the kind of graphology, the high speed of writing, and the carelessness of the scribes which has led to mistake and misunderstanding of the text. This point has also gone through the recently revised manuscripts and has created a gap between the text and the real intention of the writer. This article aims at studying the influence of theConjunctive Vav from the view point of text revision and criticism. The scope of the present study covers Babakoohi s Divan; two main manuscripts, one lithography and a fair copy of Divan. Comparing these sources, the researcher based on the documentative evidence which has been criticized and revised comparatively, has analyzed the similar cases in the writing of theConjunctive Vav and the resulting mistakes that have really crept into the only fair copy at hand. The findings of this study includes revisions in three sections: scarcity of the Conjunctive Vav (28 cases), increase of theConjunctive Vav (17 cases), and transformation of the Conjunctive Vav (1 case). The above mentioned points are all that have been noticed in Babakoohi s Divan.

Memoir means thinking, understanding and imagination. It is a definition of all the author s functions accompanied with a clear definition of incidents and manner of behavior of others. In this paper, the author intends to analyze any memoir writing in Persian literature, structure of memoirs and re-writing of them, symbols of language, dialect and perspective. According to the results, any memoir writing is a type of literal form even with a root in tradition but it is developed toward the brave new world. There are three direct types of memoir: written, oral, and daily. Memoir is based on description and image-making has no role to play in memoir writing.

The night element as one of the manifestations of nature has been used as a symbol for the reflection of social and political problems in contemporary literature. This element as one of the common keywords in the poems of two pioneers of Arabic and Persian literature has given their poetry especial aura. The commonality of applying the night symbol in the poetic images of the two poets shows the semantic weight of this manifestation in expressing the hardships and annoying loneliness of these two in their night stricken era. This interpretation in Nima Youshij s poetry expresses the loneliness of the poet in the throes of social and political problems of his time, whereas, in Nazek Almalekeh poems it is more at the service of personal premonitions.

Studying various aspects of the lives of religious leaders has a strong influence on people's lives. Also in Shia school, case study of related literary sources, analysis of perspective and type of their description helps the audience to recognize the unique and pivotal position of Shiite Imams in general, and Imam Hussein (AS) in particular. These studies are also valuable and reliable in the analysis of situations of poet s age and the dominant intellectual and cultural atmosphere. One of the most important Shiite poets, whose ancestry goes back to inmate (Ahlul Bayt), is Sharif Razi. He has a number of well-known and worthwhile qsayds on Imam Hussein (AS) slament. His poems are simple and unassuming, full of honest affection and pure love towards Imam (AS) and his family. These qsayds are: (Let me be Grief and Pain), (Sorrow and Hardship), (Valhftat elasbah Alavih), (Rob Sa Al-ghaed), (O day of Ashura). The beginning of writing Ashourai requiems of Sharif Razi is Tenth of Muharram, the anniversary of the martyrdom of Hussein ibn Ali (AS). In these five qsayds, which are altogether 236 beyts (lines) and about lamenting for Imam Hussein (AS); Sharif Razi has expressed and discussed the personal and social characteristics of Imam (AS). The method of this paper is descriptive analytical, and its objective is to analyze the symbolic character of Imam Hussein (AS) in this poet spoem, as one of the high peaks of literature in fourth century. The results are based on the descriptive-analytical statistics and have been provided for those who are interested by using a pie chart.

Absurd Literature is based on a dispirited and cynical view on man and his existence. In this kind of literature expressed ideas such as loneliness, aimlessness, nihilism, alienation, anxiety and death wishing. This kind of literature influenced by the spread of the nihilistic ideas that were derived from the philosophical, economical, historical and social events which came to being in the literature of the 20th century and many of the famous writers of the west reflected the themes of despair and nihilism in their works. Almost simultaneously with the west, this movement manifested itself into two periods of the Persian literature. First, in the era of the dictatorship of Reza Shah and the second period being the time of the 1953 coup d'Õtat and the defeat of the national movement to nationalize the oil industry. Sadegh Hedayat, Sadegh Choobak, and Bahram Sadeghi were among the Persian fictional writers who showed interest in this movement. The characters in Bahram Sadeghi sstories are deeply caught up in the feelings of nihilism and absurdity, that surface in different forms of aimlessness, lacking identity, doubting and cynicism, anxiety, loneliness, despair, hopelessness and death wishing, and many individual and social reasons and causes for that to be surfaced, can be considered. In this research, through analyzing the works of Bahram Sadeghi Sangar va Ghomghomehaye Khali, the elements of the meaning crisis, and the components and the problems of them will be examined and evaluated.

Akhare-Shahname is the third collection of poems by the contemporary poet, Mehdi Akhavan Sales. It includes his poems from 1335 to 1338 most of which have been composed in free (Nimayee) style. In this article, the linguistic devices which are used in Akhare-Shahname collection are investigated. This study aims to determine and describe the elements that are effective in linguistic foregrounding of poems in Akhare-Shahname. 32 poems from this collection were studied and repetitive linguistic structures were classified and were named based on valid sources. In this study, we found that artistic devices like new lexical combination, syntactic deviation, semantic de-familiarization and syntactic and lexical archaism have had effects on literal foregrounding of these poems. The Use of these linguistic devices shows that the poet has brought about changes in both paradigmatic and syntagmatic axes.

The novel Avaze koshtegan (the song of the killed) with a chaotic structure expresses events of Tehran University and interaction method of masters with intellectual students. This novel expresses the affairs of Savak intelligence in cultural and political issues in university. This novel is a type of club and story novels because Barahani, in writing this novel, describes the work, position, spirit and psyche nature of characters and expresses the historical events before Islamic revolution. In the novel, characters are described very well. Method of narrative varies. In this paper, we try to study the language, content, structure and story elements of Avaze koshtegan.