Galen Medical journal
Volume:3 Issue: 1, 2014

Metals can cause oxidative stress by increasing the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which make antioxidants incapable of defiance against growing amounts of free radicals. Metal toxicity is related to their oxidative state and reactivity with other compounds. However, several reports about metals have been published in the recent years. Mitochondria, as a site of cellular oxygen consumption and energy production, can be a target for metals toxicity. Dysfunction of Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation led to the production of some metals toxicities metals through alteration in the activities of I, II, III, IV and V complexes and disruption of mitochondrial membrane. Reductions of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis or induction of its hydrolysis can impair the cellular energy production. In the present review study, the researchers have criticized reviews and some evidence about the oxidative stress as a mechanism of toxicity of metals. The metals disrupt cellular and antioxidant defense, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and promote oxidative damage. The oxidative injuries induced by metals can be restored by use of antioxidants such as chelators, vitamin E and C, herbal medicine, and through increasing the antioxidants level. However, to elucidate many aspect of mechanism toxicity of metals, further studies are yet to be carried out.

Sexual dysfunctions are common and are regarded as important health problems for women of all ages with related quality of life issues. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to explore the frequency of sexual dysfunction among women in reproductive age group referred to the Islamic Azad University hospitals. This study was performed on married women selected by simple random sampling, aged 15-45 years who referred to Boo–Ali, Amir-Al-Momenin and Javaheri hospitals in Tehran, Iran from August 2011 to August 2012. Data were collected by face-to-face interview and completion of self-report questionnaires that assessed sexual functions among women in six separate dimensions. Analysis was done using Pearson correlation coefficient by SPSS 14.0; significant difference was set at 0.05. A total of 384 women with mean age of 28.6±7.1 years were enrolled. The mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 27.4±2.6 kg/m2. Ninety-seven subjects (25.2%) had never attained an orgasm, 31 (8%) had a low level satisfactory relationship with their husband, 55(14.3%) had painful intercourse, 42(10.9%) had arousal disorder, all of which increased significantly with age (P=0.003). Female Sexual dysfunctions had a significant negative correlation with BMI (P=0.004). The emotional relationship (P=0.003) and educational level (P=0.08) were significantly associated with the Female Sexual Function (FSF) score. No significant difference was detected in marriage duration (P=0.081) and used contraception methods (P=0.081). The prevalence of female sexual dysfunction including desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction and pain problems increased with age and BMI. In addition, lower educational level is an associated factor that may cause sexual dysfunction. Also, emotional relationship had positive association with FSF score, while it was not associated with the use of contraceptive methods.

Interleukin (IL)-4 is a member of T helper 2 (Th2) axis produced by T-lymphocyte and mast cell. It has been shown that IL-4 expression changes in tumor tissues. The main objective of this study is to investigate the expression of IL-4 mRNA in patients with Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (LSCC) with or without lymph node involvement. mRNA expression of IL-4 in LSCC tissues were detected by quantative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR). Expression of IL-4 gene was compared between lymph node positive and negative patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Larynx. No statistically significant association was found in expression of IL-4 between lymph node positive and negative patients. It seems that IL-4 has no important effect on the involvement of lymph node in LSCC. However, to achieve a definite conclusion more investigations are certainly required.

Since there has been no published report on the impact of permanent canines in Shiraz population, this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and the location of the impacted permanent canines in patients referred to the Department of Radiology of Shiraz Dental School in 2012. This was an analytic cross-sectional study on 1012 panoramic radiographs. For localization, the Canine Incisor Index (CII) was employed. A total number of 28 cases presented with at least one impacted canine. The prevalence of impacted canine (2.8%) was reported not differ significantly between the genders (p>0.05). Fifteen of the total of 28 cases could be included in the method of using CII and 6 were located palatally. According to the results of this study, the prevalence of canine impaction in the selected population is estimated to be 2.8%. Sixty percent of the impacted canines that could be located were in buccal area.

Malocclusion, as a worldwide issue, can cause a lot of problems for patients. Panoramic (PR) and lateral cephalometric (LCR) radiographs are both usually indicated for orthodontic treatments. The aim of this study was to analyze vertical and sagittal parameters of both jaws on PRs and to compare them on LCRs. In this cross sectional study, 61 samples from all patients referring to the Department of Orthodontics of Shiraz Dental School were selected by simple randomized sampling method, meeting specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Correlations between variables on PRs and LCRs were assessed. Vertical angular variables on PR such as H-line/Lower1-Lower6 and Condylar plane/Corpus line were related to some vertical variables on LCR including Anterior nasal spine(ANS)-Menton(Me), Orbitale-Me, ANS-Posterior nasal spine (PNS)/Gonion (Go)-Me, Frankfort Horizontal (FH)/ANS-PNS, Gonial angle, Go-Gnathion (Gn)/Sella-Nasion and FH/Occlusal plane (P˂0.05).Sagittal variables of maxilla on PR such as Pterygomaxillare (Pm)-Pm, Pm-Ht, Pm-Ht-Pm, and ANS-Pm were related to sagittal variables of maxilla on LCR including Maxillary length, Sella/Nasion/Point A, Point A/Nasion/Point B (P˂0.05). Our results revealed that PRs can provide information on vertical and sagittal dimensions of both jaws. This may help choosing a proper imaging protocol for the patients.

In this survey we studied the incidence and clinical presentations of galactosemia in Fars province, in south west of Iran. Galactosemia is a rare genetic metabolic disorder ofgalactose. Its metabolism can be performed through 3 pathways. Although enzymes deficiencyof each of them can lead to galactose accumulation in plasma, the term galactosemia is specifically used for UDP-galactose uridyl transferase (GALT) deficiency. Classical galactosemia (G/G) is mostly manifested by poor growth, irritability, lethargy, vomiting, poor feeding, and jaundice. 337000 newborns were screened for galactosemia by measuring total galactose level. Blood samples were collected from the heel on the Gauthriepaper, and thencalorimetric test with enzyme was performed to determine total galactose level. Blood galactoselevel below 4mg/dl was considered as normal and it was repeated if it was more than 4mg/dl in the first stage. The test was considered as abnormal if it was more than 5mg/dl, then blood samples were collected on filter paper and dried for 3-4 hours at room temperature and shipped frozen to laboratory for detection of GALT activity and galactose and galactose-1-phosphate. From those who were gone for screening, 105 newborns had total galactose level more than 5mg/dl, among them, 37 patients had galactose level more than 15 mg/dl. Overall 12 cases were considered as classic galactosemia with an incidence rate of 1/28000, in Fars province. Although all of our patients were symptomatic and were admitted byhyperbilirubinemia before receiving the results, neonatal screening had an important role in the early diagnosis and management of this disease.

The metal framework of a removable partial denture includes various parts and metal components that supply strength, retention, stability, and support of partial denture. The purpose of this study is assessing the quality of the frameworks made in the department of prosthodontics, Qazvin school of dentistry, regarding their causes of malfunction, retention, stability, and support. Evaluation forms of removable partial denture metal frameworks for upper and lower jaws were separately designed. According to the forms, 39 frameworks were fitted and assessed on encoded casts and after that in oral cavity. 11 males and 28 females (44±4.8 years old) were recruited in the study; 17 frameworks belonged to maxilla and 22 to mandible. In maxillary frameworks, 10 cases (58.8%) had goodretention, 6 (35.3%) had low and 1 (5.9%) had high retention. Moreover, 15 cases (88.2%) and 11 cases (71.64%) showed good support and stability, respectively, in all 3 hypothetical axes. Inmandibular frameworks, retentions in 14 cases (63.3%) were good, in 7 (8.31%) were low and in1 (4.6%) was high. Furthermore, 16 cases (72.7%) and 12 cases (54.5%) showed good supportand stability, respectively, in all hypothetical axes. The retention, stability and support of metal frameworks were approximatelyacceptable and appropriate. Most of the malfunctions and structural problems seem to be due to lack of experience and expertise. However, further studies and more training courses are needed to enhance the quality of these frameworks.

Pericardial effusion (PE) in Down syndrome (DS) patients usually occurs secondary to hypothyroidism, but we have no report of massive pericardial effusion in euthyroid Down syndrome patient with supravalvar pulmonary stenosis. We reported an 11-month-old male with Down syndrome with massive pericardial effusion that had conservative management with levothyroxin who presented with cyanosis,respiratory distress and dominantly left upper lobe pulmonary collapse. There was noresponse to medical management by antibiotic therapy, O2 therapy with hood and chest physiotherapy after five days. Pericardiocentesis guided echocardiography performed on the sixth day after admission and 180 cc transudated pericardial fluids has extracted. Clinical and paraclinical findings were relieved dramatically 12-24 hour after pericardiocentesis.However, Angiography showed supravalvar pulmonary stenosis (SPS). We assume that the chronic compression effect of massive pericardial effusion may be a major cause of SPS.

Since we have had many linguistic problems with the articles which are submitted by many of our authors, we decided to provide language services for instructing and editing of the papers submitted in the GMJ. In this regard, our language editors are prepared to give a hand to the submitters who are not able to provide a good and acceptable language editing for their manuscripts. Obviously this will cost the authors but we tried to have cost-benefit offers since our main goal is to improve the quality of our papers and shorten the peer review duration rather than the economical purposes. Authors can email their paper’s editor and ask for the service and receive the forms for Language services including editing, translating, and scientific preparations.The Editorial Board has tried to make the policies and instructions for authors simple and clear and is looking forward to a better and more successful future, thanks to our authors, readers, and reviewers.