فصلنامه پژوهش های تولید گیاهی
سال بیستم شماره 3 (پاییز 1392)

In order to evaluate the effect of priming on germination of Black cumin under different levels of salinity, a factorial experiment on base of completely randomized design was conducted with three replications. The main factors consisted of five levels of priming (osmopraiming with KNO3 (1 and 3%), salicylic acid (SA) (0.2 and 0.5 mM) and a hydropriming)) and four salinity levels (zero, 75, 125 and 175 mM of NaCl), respectively. With out Stress condition, the highest percentage and rate of germination was obtained by 3% KNO3 priming and the highest length and weight of shoot and rootlet and seed vigor by hydropriming. In saline with 75 mM NaCl, 1% KNO3 priming resulted to increase in rate and percentage of germination and seed reserves were consumed. Maximum shoot length and seed vigor were also associated to hydropriming and priming with 0.5 mM (SA) had more shoot weight and conversion efficiency of seed reserves. With increasing salt concentration to 125 mM, 3% KNO3 priming improved germination, vigor, and shoot and rootlet length. Priming with 0.5 mM (SA) had more weight of transferred reserves and in 0.2 mM (SA) priming the highest shoot weight was observed. At the highest level of salinity (175 mM NaCl), priming with 3% KNO3, showed a higher shoot length, vigor and weight of rootlet. The highest germination percentage was observed with the use hydropriming. Maximum weight of consumption seed reserves was belonge to 0.5 mM SA, and 0.2 mM SA, showed higher shoot and rootlet length and weight.

Bacterial canker of stone fruits caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) is widespread throughout Ardebil and Azarbaijane sharghi provinces. In this research samples were collected from various areas in Ardebil, Eastern Azarbaijane, Guilan, Mazandaran, Khorasane Razavi, Tehran and Qazvin provinces during 2010-2011. A total of 105 bacterial isolates were compared based on their phenotypic (physiological & biochemical) characteristics, pathogenicity and total cellular protein profiles (SDS-PAGE). Pss strains showed slight differences in phenotypic characteristics and protein profiles. All 105 strains of Pss tested were highly pathogenic on peach seedlings. All strains appeared to be similar in pathogenicity. All Pss isolates and Pss141 amplified a 752-bp fragment with the syrB primers. Genetic diversity among the strains was assessed by BOX- and IS50-PCR. Strains formed 9 and 8 clusters in the BOX-PCR and IS50-PCR, at 73% similarity level, respectively and by the combination data set of both BOX and IS50-PCR, strains formed 11 clusters. There was no significant correlation between genetic diversity and geographical origin of the isolates. The results demonstrated the existence of a considerable genetic diversity among Pss strains causing canker of stone fruit trees in various provinces of Iran. In this study, no correlation was observed between the Pss strains origin and their clusters.

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis hordei, is currently the most serious foliar disease of barley in worldwide and reduced barley yield. The use of resistant cultivars is an efficient, economical and environmentally way to control of powdery mildew in barley. In this research a half diallel design was used for genetic analysis of resistance to powdery mildew (BGH) in barley. Six barley genotypes along with a landrace (Sahra) ranging from susceptible to resistance against BGH were used. The experiment materials were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Genetic analysis was applied in adult plant stage at field. The traits measured at adult plant stage were disease severity and area under disease prograss curve (AUDPC). The results indicated that additive-dominance model is adequate for both traits, but dominance effects were more important. Both traits were under control of one gene. In both traits, 104/110 ICARDA genotype was recognized as a resistance line containing resistante genes with dominance effect. Thus it has potential for obtaining superior lineages in selection programs for BGH resistance.

The increasing needs for energy, its high price and its environmental impact on greenhouse gases emission and limited energy resources due to increased research on energy balance in crop production systems. The objective of this research was to compare seedbed preparation and sowing methods in wheat production in Kordkoy region with respect to energy use and efficiency. Fifteen wheat fields were selected in the region in five sites. The fields were classified into three groups with included to seedbed preparation and sowing methods, i.e. centrifuge, drill and Combination Cultivator. All fields were rainfed. The results indicated that using Combination Cultivator method led to 35% and 33% reduction in energy use in seedbed preparation and sowing compared to centrifuge and drill methods, respectively. In terms of energy required for production operations, the method resulted in 22% reduction in energy use compared to centrifuge and drill methods. Using Combination Cultivator also led to 11% and 9% less energy use as seed compared to centrifuge and drill methods, respectively. Energy output to input ratio was 7.41 for Combination Cultivator method which was higher than centrifuge (4.07) and drill (6.15) methods. Using Combination Cultivator also resulted in higher energy yield than other two methods. It was concluded that using (expanding) Combination Cultivator method is effective in energy saving and improving its utilization.

To evaluate the diversity of wild pomegranate (Punica grantum L.) genotypes and some commercial genotypes to use in future breeding programs and natural germplasm conservation, 49 pomegranate genotypes were assessed by morphological traits. In this study 26 qualitative and quantitative traits of fruits and leaves were evaluated. Simple correlation results, showed positive and negative significant correlations among the traits. Between the 36 wild genotypes, the studied quantitative and qualitative traits were also significant. Factor analysis was used to determine the number of main factors discrimining the genotypes and the characteristics forming the factors. Factor analysis with five main factors justified 79.03 percent of total variation for the affecting traits. Cluster analysis divided pomegranates into two main groups. The first group was included commercial and wild genotypes with sweet flavor and the second group included wild and commercial genotypes with sour-sweet and sour taste. Wild genotypes from the eastern region compared to the genotypes from the western part had more desired characteristics and were superior. Wild genotypes Gogdareh42, Sultan Ali37, Anarmarz30 compared to other genotypes were superior for traits of sugar, acid, flavor and fruit weight. Plot analysis separated the wild Fereidoonkenar29 with sour-sweet flavor and high weight from the other genotypes. Besides to commercial genotypes, wild genotypes also had desired traits, so pomegranate of their extinction and use them for pomegranate improvement and establishment of collections from these genotypes for their preservation provide a basic step for the future of this fruit.

In order to study the response of coriander medicinal plant to salt stress, two experiments were conducted for germination and vegetative stages. This study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were salinity at five concentrations including 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM NaCl. Response of coriander seeds germination in first experiment and physiologic characteristics in second experiment were evaluated. Results showed that increase of salinity significantly decreased germination characteristics including germination percentage and rate, radicle and plumule length and dry weigtht (p≤ 0.01). With the increase of salinity, morphological traits like, number of leaves, root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight in shoot and root decreased. Effect of salt stress on amount of chlorophyll, proline, soluble carbohydrates and phenolic compounds was significant (p≤0.01). Mean comparison of treatments showed that with increasing salt stress, amount of proline, carbohydrates and phenolic compounds increased in shoot and root, while concentration of chlorophyll of leaves decreased. Our results support the idea that, accumulation of proline, soluble carbohydrates and phenolic compounds is associated with plant tolerance to salt stress.

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is one of the most important horticultural crop, very different varieties and economically important grape species. This plant has not long life storage, and this research has done the effect of calcium chloride on postharvest quantity and quality of vitis. Uniform clusters of 8-year-old In this study, we have evaluated the effect of three times treatment (15, 20 and 30 minutes) and four cocenterations of calcium chloride (0, 2, 3 and 4%) on postharvest of Askari varitiy. In this experiment all kind of conditions are equal. Experiment was conducted in completely randomized dasign with three replications. Some physiological traits was measured during the study such as total solid solution(TSS), berry abscission, weight loss, total acid (TA), fungus decay, wood and berry calcium. The results of this experiment showed that calcium (CaCl2) and period time of treatment had significantly affect (P≥1%) on loss berry, fungus decay, berry and woodś calcium. Interaction of time treatment and calcium cocenterations had significantly effect on the loss berry, fungus decay, wood and berryś calcium (P≥1%), total acid (TA) and weight loss (P≥5%). Use of calcium (with 3 and 4 percentage) and the period of time treatment (20, 30 minutes) had the maximum effect. Also the minimum effect was related to the control treatment.

This study was carried out in order to evaluate allelic diversity of microsatellite markers in QTL region for salinity tolerance on chromosome 10 in rice and evaluation of agronomical traits of some Iranian rice cultivars in salinity stress along with two tolerant (Pokkali) and sensitive (IR29) check varieties, and association analysis for morphological traits using microsatellite markers. Based on the phenotypic data genotypes were categorized into 3 different groups (sensitive, semi tolerant and tolerant). Based on the molecular results, RM6100 marker at this chromosomal region, is introduced as the effective marker for identification of salt tolerance genotypes at reproductive stage and most traits of related to yield components, showed significant association with this marker, thus suggested as informative and benefit marker in breeding program of rice. Likewise, grain weight showed significant association with all the under studied markers at saline condition, which is indicator of the importance of this chromosomal region in controlling of this trait. Therefore based on this study using of marker information of this chromosomal region can be used in breeding of rice to produce high yielding and tolerant rice cultivars.

Birch (Betula sp.) is considered as extinction species and its natural regeneration in Iranian forests is very slow. Difficulties in regeneration as well as natural seed germination of birch tree besides high levels of seed contaminations have justified the application in vitro culture with respect to its conservation and genetic improvement. Hence, the in vitro culture initiation using seed explants of two birch species was attempted. The seeds of B. pendula (collected from Sangdeh altitudes, Mazandaran) and B. litwinowii (from Siamarzkooh forests, Golestan region) were randomly harvested from the ten adult trees and then subjected to 7 surface sterilization treatments in 3 replications. The experiment was undertaken as completely randomized design in factorial arrangement (two factors) and 15 replications per each treatment. Application of Difnoconazole fungicide (3% for 24 h) followed by warm water (55°C in 30 min) and HgCl2 (0.1% for 10 min) were recognized as the best treatment for seed sterilization as well as germination. With this treatment, 95-100% seeds were found to be free from bacterial and fungal contamination. Consequently, seeds of two species were cultured on MS and B5 media. The germination percentage for B. litwinowii and B. pendula were recorded as 17.3% and 14%, respectively. In conclusion, these in vitro raised plantlets may be used as a source explants for in vitro culture initiation of birch species, whose seed collection is so difficult in such impassable sites.