نشریه مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1392)

Metallothionein plays important role in control of apoptosis, heavy metals elimination from body, and trace element transportation from mother to fetus. The aim of current study was to investigate the effects of swimming endurance training on induction of liver hepatic metallothionein (MT) in pregnant rats exposed to cadmium poisoning. Thirty-two pregnant rats (200 ± 20 g) were divided into four groups (control, swimming training, cadmium, and swimming training+ cadmium). Cadmium chloride was given orally (400 mg/kg in drinking water) from the first day of pregnancy until delivery. Training protocol was included 60 minutes swimming for 5 days a week during pregnancy. Liver tissues were removed two days after delivery. Liver MT levels and apoptotic index were determined by ELISA method and nonradioactive in situ end labeling method using TUNEL immunocytochemical technique, respectively. The ANOVA and post hoc LSD tests were used to analyze the data of study at p ≤ 0.05. Swimming endurance training significantly decreased cadmium-induced apoptosis (p = 0.005), but had no effect on liver MT levels. Although, swimming endurance training had no effect on liver MT levels, but decreased cadmium-induced apoptosis presumably via other mechanism than induction of liver MT. Thus, it was somewhat effective to contrast with cadmiuminduced cell death.

Various studies indicated increases in systemic inflammation after the intensive strength training, but the effects of the oral Ginger supplement on pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins in immediate and 24 hours following strength exercise are not well known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term Ginger supplement on markers related to systemic inflammation (interferon gamma and serum Amyloid A [SAA]) as markers of inflammatory and interlokin-2 [IL-2] as an index anti-inflammatory), in the immediate and 24 hr of the Oxford strength exercise in trained men. Twenty subjects in a longitudinal design were divided randomly into two groups; the Oxford strength exercise group (experimental) with and without Ginger supplementation, and or the Oxford strength exercise group (placebo) with and without placebo (Starch). Both groups performed the Oxford strength exercise protocol before and after supplementation and or/ placebo period with similar conditions. The subjects of the experimental group orally received 3 capsules (each capsule contained 1000 mg) of Ginger rhizome powder per week. Blood samples were collected at before, immediate and 24 hr after the Oxford strength exercise. Oxford strength exercise in both the experimental and placebo groups significantly increased in the interferon gamma, SSA and IL-2 in immediate and 24 hr after strength exercise, as compared to baseline (resting) levels. However, Ginger supplementation caused attenuates Oxford exercise–induced inflammation. Progressive resistance exercise induced systemic inflammation 24 hr after training and Ginger supplementation was a alternative method for alleviate the effects of exercise-induced inflammation.

The previous research has indicated that many factors can affect on appetite and energy intake rate. Physical activity can be considered as an important one. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of acute interval aerobic running and endurance weight training on appetite in overweight men. In a plan of one group with repeated measures, 12 overweight men (25>BMI>30) voluntarily participated in this study. Participants divided randomly into 3 equal groups including interval aerobic training, endurance weight training, and control groups. Training protocols carried out in 3 weeks with one reating week in order to cleaning of plasma. Interval aerobic training consisted 3 sets, 10 minutes exercises with a 5 minutes interval rest at intensity of 13th Borg scale; and endurance weight training included 8 movements and 20 repetitions at 40 percent of one repetition maximum (1RM). Moreover, the level of appetite was assessed by Visual Analog Scale. The desire to eat was significantly reduced 9 hours after exercise than pre-test in both training groups (p=0.01). The t-test results also showed no significant difference between two type of exercises (p=0.80). Although, the fullness feeling was increased 9 hours after the exercise in both training groups, however, this change was significant only in the endurance weights training group (p=0.001). These values did not significantly change in the control group. In general, according to the present results, the endurance weight training can have a significant effect on desire to eat and also fullness felling 9 hours after exercise than interval aerobic running. The latter had only significant reduction on desire to eat 9 hours after exercise. Therefore, the endurance weight training can be considerd as a good exercise for reducing of appetite level and it can be benefit for overweight men.

Flat foot complication can be associated with balance and postural of the patients. Moreover, the complication of these problems can be improved through correctiveexercise programs. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of a 6 weeks corrective exercise program on improvement flat foot and static balance. This is a semiexperimentalresearch. Samples were consisting of 50 boy students (10-12 years old) with flexible flat foot, they divided into 2 groups: experimental group (35 people) and control group 15 people). Samples were selected according to the Navy- drop test (P: 76%-95%). To measure static balance the Biodex balance system timer was used. Postural stability in the anterior-posterior, internalexternal and overall index balance was achieved. For statistical analysis of data, Kolmogorov– Smirnov test for normal distribution of data and assumptions of the Wilcoxon signed ranks, Man Whitney algorithm and paired t-test with the level of 0.05 was used. The results indicated a significant difference (p=0.001) between pre-test and post-test of the experimental group in flat foot improvement; and there was a significant difference (p=0.003) between post-test values of them. Moreover, balance index of experimental group between pre-test and post-test for the anteriorposterior side (p=0.03), and for overall index (p=0.005), but not in internal-external side (p 0.08), were improved. On the other hand, there were significant differences between experimental and control groups in lateral (p=0.04), anterior-posterior (p=0.005), and total (p=0.009) balance. According to this study, to improve the flat foot deformity and static balance, the corrective exercise program is strongly recommended for the 10-12 years old boy students.

As many experts believe that the importance of accuracy of measuring devices in the physical education results, especially in the measurement of the arc of the spine, the aim of the present study is to determine reliability and validity of ultrasonic wave arc detector device in measurement of lumbar lordosis angle compared with the golden standard X-Ray method. After making the device, lumbar lordosis angle of 31 participants were measured by three examiners three times in at least two hours intervals with the device for determining of its reliability lumbar lordosis angle of15 participants were measured through radiographic and proposed techniques in order to measure the device validity. The participants were selected from available individuals, and volunteer's people of Birjand city. Reliability of the first, second and third examiners were 0.97, 0.98 and 0.98 respectively and reliability between examiners periods were 0.96, 0.97 and 0.95 respectively, the significant correlation (p≤0.05) between the proposed method and the reference one was r=0.95. the high reliability and validity of the proposed method can be due to the least interference of examiner in measurement process and use of high-precision engineering and computational methods. So this method can be used for measurement of lumbar lordosis angle along with other non-invasive methods can be used as stable and reliable method.

Counting talk test (CTT) is a simple test based on ventilation function which is used to estimate the anaerobic threshold. In this study, it is established the persian version of CTT and evaluated its psychometrics features for determination of anaerobic threshold in healthy young females. Three groups of healthy female students (with low, mid, and high aerobic capacity, n=19) were selected by stratified purposeful sampling. Giving informed consent, they took part in 2 sessions of exhausting graded exercise test (EGXT) which were apart by 1 week. CTT and gas analysis were administered respectively in first and second sessions of EGXT. Ventilatory estimations of CTT were evaluated by results of EGXT. Using SPSS software, data were analyzed using by one-way ANOVA. VO2max of 3 groups were significantly different (F(2, 54)≥32.44 and P≤0.01). Nevertheless, in anaerobic threshold, mean (±SD) of heart rate (HR), Borg scale, and CTT were approximately the same and respectively equaled 177(±10) beat/min, 15(±2) degree and 5(±1) numbers. In anaerobic phase, they were remained the same and respectively equaled 193(±7) beat/min, 18(±1) degree, and 3(±1) numbers. The results showed that CTT can be considered as good as heart rate test and sometimes can be better than Borg scale in determining anaerobic threshold and anaerobic zone. There was a negative linear correlation between CTT and intensity of training. For healthy young females, a counting of 5 indicates working in anaerobic threshold and a counting of 3 means working in anaerobic zone. The use of CTT for determination of anaerobic threshold was confirmed by our findings.

Knee osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease and non-drug treatment for it has been considered recently by various researchers. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of hydrotherapy and physiotherapy methods in rate of kneeache, matinal dryness, daily activities, athletic performance and recreational activities in athletes men with knee osteoarthritis. The subjects of research included 36 athletes with osteoarthritis of knee that were selected while having full knowledge of the performance stages of the study. They were classified randomly into three groups including hydrotherapy, physiotherapy and control groups. Then the participants completed the knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS) questionnaire for the evaluation of the pre-test. After the preliminary evaluation, the researchers performed the independent variables hydrotherapy, physiotherapy for 6 weeks included 4 sessions per week for gaining the next required information and the KOOS questionnaire was completed again by the patients at the end of the sixth week. The gathered data has been analyzed by one way ANOVA, and paired and independent t- tests at the level of p<0.05 using the SPSS software. The findings showed that both physiotherapy and hydrotherapy improved pain (p<0.001 and p<0.0001 respectively), symptoms and morning stiffness (p=0.004 and p<0.0001 respectively), daily activities (p<0.02 and p<0.01 respectively), athletic performance and recreational activities (p<0.03 and p<0.0001 respectively). But in comparing the effectiveness of two methods, only hydrotherapy was significantly improved athletic performance and recreational activities (p<0.0001). The results indicated that the both methods of hydrotherapy and physiotherapy can be considered as a useful method for athletes suffering from osteoarthritis, except for their impact on the athletic performance and recreational activities, they induced similar outcomes.

Scientific research shows that risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is two fold in sedentary people than active people because of the increasing of inactivity level. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between physical activity and risk factors of CVD in male college students. Thirty healthy young male with mean age of 22.5±1.27 years, and body mass index of 23.7±2.69 kg/m2 were selected using the clustering method for sampling. The physical activity level was measured by the Baecke standard questionnaire. Moreover, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) also were measeard as CVD risk factors. For data analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Pearson correlation coefficient were used and significant level was accepted if p<0.05. The result showed that there were significant negative correlation between physical activity and TC or LDL (p<0.02). Also no significant correlation were found between physical activity with TG or HDL (p>0.05). The results also showed that there were significant negative correlation between physical activity and body fat mass (p<0.001), percent body fat (p<0.005) and body mass index (p<0.003). However, there were no significant correlation between physical activity and SBP or DBP. Selecting an active lifestyle, in addition to maintaining body mass index in the healthy domain and also reduction of additional body fat can inhibit the risk factors of CVD in males.