فصلنامه اخلاق زیستی
پیاپی 9 (پاییز 1392)

Among the fields of ethics, medical ethics has a special place, because of the special status of the medical profession. Justice is one of the four principles of biomedical ethics that is often considered synonymous with fairness and moral obligation to act according to its fair judgments in medical domains. In Islamic ethics Justice means putting everything in its proper place and is entitled to the right level. In this paper we have attempted to study the principle of justice as one of the four principles of medical ethics. In a comparative study, advantages and challenges of religious and non-religious view to justice and its place in medical ethics have been analyzed and evaluated.This article is the result of a cross. We have used valid books and Internet sources and articles for data collection.After explaining the concepts and principles of justice in medical ethics, also Islamic Virtue Ethics, subscriptions and moral differences between the two devices in concept of justice are expressed.Regardless of the emphasis on the necessity and importance of professional ethics, Justice in the concept that Islamic ethics emphasis on it, is more comprehensive than medical ethics. Because justice in medical ethics is derived from social justice that is available by appropriate and balanced legislation and guidelines. But in religion justice is an institutionalized in human and includes all personal and social aspects of his life.

One of the main domains that has an important role in decision making and ethic is education and learning. Effective evaluation process can trained competent students and it is expected educational system emphasized on preparing students for caring in complex situations and learning in knowledge, attitude and practice. This research aimed to determine clinical evaluation process in nursing students in medical surgical wards. This is a grounded theory study, was done in 2011. Participants were 14 teachers and 24 students in nursing faculty. Sampling was purposeful and did to data saturation. All of participants interviewed and One Note 2010 was used for transcription and coding. For data analysis Straus Corbin 1998 approach was used. In data analysis process from 96 primary category, 16 secondary and then 6 themes emerged. Themes were respecting (to student and his individuality), identification (teacher and student identification from educational situation), presentation (teacher and student presentation), perception (teacher and student perception of their ability and real work environment conflicts), Judgment (surface, unreal goal based, clause, incomplete), response (satisfaction disinterest, change in educational system, try for faire assessment), and core variable was try to educational justice. For educational justice everyone should try use their abilities and take their rules. In each step from respecting, identification, presentation to perception, judgment and response aimed to try for faire assessment and at last try for educational justice that is the aim of any educational activity.

A health care service is a prerequisite for sustainable development. This requires access to balanced health care facilities and services in different geographic areas. The first step is to identify inequality in access to health services in different areas. This study is a descriptive analytical study was carried out on the cities in Yazd province. The indices were weighted using Shannon entropy, then using the TOPSIS technique and the result were classified into categories in terms of the level of development across towns. The findings revealed that distinct regional disparities in health care services across Yazd province. Taft and Sadoogh cities were ranked as first and the last in terms of access to health care services respectively. Policy makers and managers should consider priority (regional planning, budget and resources allocation) according to the degree of development. Ethical issues should provide a broader perspective to policymakers

The effect ofgeographic factors on the human body whether in terms of their effect on health ordisease was more or less known to the naturalists and physicians from ancient times. But an important question which has always been raised in ethics is: "What extent is the effect of geographic factors on ethics?" There can be so many answers to stated question which can be placed in three schools of thought: 1.determinism 2. free will 3. possibilism.Inthisstudy, by taking into accountthe explanation of ethicson souland their interconnections,we have tried todiscussthisissuewithexplication of the human ontology. In present article,the opinions regarding human ontology have been classified to three types: 1. Dualism 2. physicalism and 3. Sadraeistheory. From these propounded views, the Sadraei's theory has been decided as the most proper one because based on this theory, humansoul is "Jesmaniat-alhodoos".This means initially that the soul is emerged from present elements of the body in this world, and is in the path of evolution by inherent and essential changes. The spiritual nature isn’t completely immaterial while human is in this world. Hence, it always interacts with physical body.Thus, factors like "geography", which affects the body, will influence the soul and, consequently on ethics. On the other hand, since Sadraei's view is not a purely physicalist view so, the philosophy of authorization, by accepting the "effect of geographic factors on ethics" will remain alive and dynamic. Based on the abovedescriptions, the appropriate answer to the mentioned question is "the school of possibility orientation".

According to the method described in this paper - has been written analysis aims to examine the role of ethics in infringement. How andinfringement ethics in legislation and enforcement, the main question of this research.How and infringement ethics in legislation and enforcement, the main question of this research. We assume that the source of moral law - unlike many lawyers - and according to this source, preventing abnormal and the offense gets.Finally to conclude that morality is indirectly the cause of preventing infringement Mysticism is the interface between them. Customary law as a valid source of legislation is accepted by the majority of jurists. In fact, it creates moral norms and customs are the basis of morality. Therefore, legislators should take note of the morality and conscience of the community rather than disrespect for easy control laws, their implementation and their people are welcome.

Nurses are one of thelargest groups working in the hospital and facilitators.Despite the importance of quality of work life, job resources needed basis, are not provided.Few studies reviewing the nature of work nursing and environment works and quality of work life. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between quality of work life and productivity in nurses was carried out in Kerman University of Medical Sciences.This study describes an investigation is correlational and cross-sectional studies on 266 nurses who were selected by random sampling in nurses Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Method ofdata collectionwas thelibrary. The statistical population formed all the nurses work in various hospitals ward of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Productivity of nurses were used by Dehqhan Nayeri questionnaire. The quality of nursing work life were used by Brooks questionnaire after The validity and reliability. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive and inferential analysis. The results of this study indicate that the average level of quality of work life for nurses and the productivity of the majority of nurses is less than the average. The results of this study indicate there is a significant and positive relationship between quality of work life and productivity of nurses. The results of this study concluded that improving the quality of nursing work life will improve productivity. The results of this study could be used as a guide for hospital administrators and directors of nursing services and the head nurse. Finally, improves the position of the patient and status of the nursing profession and quality of health care.

Patent is a privilege that the government or a particular institution in a country dedicates to innovators and inventors for creation of a new and novel innovation that is economically valuable. Intellectual property is a privilege that brings the right to the owner. This right creates an incentive for the owner to try for human needs and benefit from its consequences. All entrepreneurs, intellectuals, and idea owners whether natural or legal persons have been the source of service for progress and welfare throughout the history. Nevertheless, sometimes the presence of this right could be a restriction for customers especially in the field of health. Supply of some essential medicines that its privilege is hold by few large pharmaceutical companies creates complications for patients in developing countries or less developed countries and causes loss of human lives. The balance between this paradox, meaning the continuity of the property right on the one hand and the protection of the human lives demanding for essential medicines such as anti-AIDs drugs on the other hand investigates in this paper