نشریه تحقیقات دامپزشکی و فرآورده های بیولوژیک
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 102، بهار 1393)

This research with the aims of microbial flora determination in pasteurized milk and it’s shelf life study based on microbial and physicochemical parameters were performed within 10 days. In this study، 60 pasteurized milk samples randomly were selected and then total count of bacteria and total psychrophilic bacteria count were performed. To investigate microbial flora of pasteurized milk، colonies in each of the plates with different appearance were selected and transferred to a nutrient inclined medium agar inside tubes and incubated at 30 ºC for 24 hours. After 24 hours، individual colonies were investigated for shape، oxidase and catalase tests and gram staining. Depending on the needs، specific media and confirmation tests were used. Alkaline phosphatase، alcohol، acidity and pH tests and fat، protein، lactose، freezing point، moisture and specific gravity measurements were done daily on the milk samples. The results of this research showed that the total bacteria count of pasteurized milk was above the standard level of Iran after the seventh day of keeping and therefore their shelf lives in the refrigerator storage were determined maximum 6 days. Alcohol test was positive after the fifth day. The studied physicochemical factors showed no statistically significant differences during 10 days and were not found significant relationship between the studied physicochemical and microbiological parameters. Identified bacterial genus were Micrococcus، Lactobacillus، Bacillus، Corynebacterium and Pseudomonas. This study showed that the shelf life of pasteurized milk is low in Shiraz that could be due to high microbial load in primary raw milk.

Clostridium perfringens، one of the most important pathogens is the main causative agent of enterotoxemia in farm animals. Vaccination is the most effective prevention method against diseases caused by Clostridium Perfringens. One of the most important testes regarding vaccine quality control is toxicity test (measuring residual toxin). The evaluation of test results was done regarding to clinical factors and mortality rate of mice that received vaccine. The present study was aimed to evaluate the toxicity test of enterotoxemia vaccine clinically، histopathologically and biochemically (BS، BUN and creatine) examinations. In this study، 21 Balb/C mouse with an average weight of 25 grams were used and divided into 3 equal groups Including group 1 (vaccine)، group 2 (control) and group 3 (culture medium). Health factors and mortality rate of all mice was checked before and during the survey. Groups 1 and 3 received 0. 5 ml enterotoxaemia vaccine and culture medium (without bacterium) subcutaneously، respectively and group 2 (control) did not receive any material. After 48 hrs blood sampling was done and blood biochemical factors were evaluated. Finally، animals were necropsied and histopathological studies on 3 groups were performed. The stata10 software and Anova and scheffe tests were used for Statistical analysis. For analysis of histopathological results، Fisher test were used. Histopathological results showed focal gliosis in brain tissue in the vaccinated group (except in two cases)، control group (except one) and culture medium group (except one). Liver tissues had mild lymphocytic hepatitis and mild hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis in all samples of vaccinated group، 6 samples of control group and 3 samples of culture medium group. Kidneys in all groups showed a mild degree of epithelial changes except of 1 case in vaccinated group and 2 cases in culture medium group. Heart، spleen، intestine and lungs were normal in all groups. Results showed no significant difference between groups. Also، biochemical Results showed a significant difference in amount of BS between group 1 and groups 2 and 3، as well as the amount of urea between group 1 and 3 (P < 0. 05). The results of the study indicate that enterotoxemia vaccine didn’t cause a significant injury in tested mice.

Zoonoses can be transmitted to people by many birds such as pigeons. Considering many people’s interests to keep pigeons، present study was conducted to PCR detection of Aeromonas hydrophila that is cause of many human infections such as gastroenteritis، wound infections and septicemia from pigeons in Shahrekord. Altogether 293 samples of pigeon faeces were collected with sterile cotton swabs from different areas of Shahrekord، Iran. Swabs were placed directly into alkaline peptone water. The enrichment cultures were then streaked on the glutamate starch phenol red agar (GSP agar). Isolates were subjected to different biochemical tests. Suspected colonies to A. hydrophila were tested by PCR. Antibiogram tests were performed using disc diffusion method. A. hydrophila was isolated from 13 (4. 44%) of 293 the samples. Resistance of isolates to Cefotaxime، Ciprofloxacin، Ampicillin، Co-trimoxazole، Trimetoprim، Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline was 0%، 61. 5%، 69. 2%، 84. 6%، 92. 3%، 100% and 100% respectively. Pigeons harbored antibiotics resistant A. hydrophila and could be an important component of drug-resistant A. hydrophila transmission from pigeons to human، especially kids and can pose a risk to human health in the region. Considering of what mentioned it is recommended to make pigeons owners and general public aware of potential dangers of pigeon ownership.

The physiological study was carried out to determine the relation between of risk factors and occurrence of infectious mastitis disease that associated in 453 indigenous dairy cattle in farms nearby the Tehran. Milk samples were collected for mastitis detection by California Mastitis test (CMT). The analysis of results revealed significant association between body weight، udders depth، teats length and diameter P<0. 001، and teats distance to the floor were decreased in affected cattle at P<0. 01. The frequency analysis revealed significant association for lactation stage، teat end distance to floor، udder shape and parity، teat shape، live body weight، teat and /or udder pathology، use of toxytocyin، feeding system and milk secretion with mastitis (P<0. 0001). The results of logistic regression analysis revealed significant negative association between teat length، frequency of culling and number of attendant، while there is a positive association between mastitis involved teat، teat diameter (apex، mid، and base)، milk secretion، udder shape، pendulous udder، feeding system، udder depth، teat shape، sucking، milk yield، udder pathology and live body weight. According the results it is concluded that some risk factors are strongly associated with mastitis in cattle.

Nonylphenol (NP) is a well-known compound as having the potential to mimic the natural hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) and disrupt the endocrine system in a wide range of organisms. However، the ability of different isomers of this compound is different in exerting estrogenic effects. The objectives of this study were to estimate the effects of a straight side-chain NP isomer (4-n-NP) on the vitellogenin (VTG) synthesis and thyroid hormone concentrations as estrogenic and non-estrogenic responses of yellowfin seabream’s (Acanthopagrus latus) endocrine system. In this regard the total numbers of 30 immature male fish were intraperitonealy injectioned by 10، 50، 100 µg/g of 4-n-NP over a period of one week. The induction of VTG synthesis in treated fish was investigated using alkali labile phosphate assay and measurement of total plasma calcium. The concentrations of thyroid hormones، thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)، in the plasma were also quantified by radioimmunoassay. The result showed that the VTG levels in the plasma were significantly increased by injection of 50 and and 100 μg/g of 4-n-NP (P<0. 05). Moreover، the total plasma calcium concentrations in fish exposed to the highest dose used exhibited a significant increase compared to the control (P<0. 05). In addition، T4 concentration in fish received 50 and 100 μg/g of 4-n-NP was significantly higher than the control group (P<0. 05). While، the plasma levels of T3 in fish treated by 100 μg/g of 4-n-NP was significantly lower than controls (P<0. 05). The results of present study indicate the potential of 4-n-NP to exert the estrogenic effect as well as disturbance in the balance of thyroid hormones in yellowfin seabream.

The relationship between different indices of the copper deficiency was studied in 136 slaughtered male cattle (< 2 years). Copper status has been detected as marginally deficient in 57. 4، 36. 4، 34. 6، and 28. 2% of cattle based on the copper concentrations in plasma (5. 5-14. 5 µmol/L) and liver (19. 7-189. 1 mg/kgDM)، plasma ceruloplasmin levels (85. 4 - 178. 2 mg/L) and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (ESOD) activity (2. 5-11. 4 U/mgHb)، respectively. In all cattle، the range of the molybdenum concentrations in plasma (0. 1-1. 45 µg/mL) was higher than the normal levels; however، in 33. 8% of samples the liver molybdenum content (5. 0-11. 4 mg/kgDM) was higher than the normal range. In 57. 7% of cattle with low level of plasma copper concentrations، a low level of ESOD activities (2. 5-9. 8 U/mgHb) was detected. In 38. 3 and 50. 0% of cattle with low levels of liver copper (19. 7-50. 0 mg/kgDM)، the plasma ceruloplasmin (85. 4-140. 3 mg/L) and ESOD (2. 5-9. 2 U/mgHb) was lower than the normal ranges. In all cattle with low levels of liver and plasma copper and lower levels of plasma ceruloplasmin and EOSD activity، plasma molybdenum concentrations were significantly (P<0. 0005) higher than to those with normal copper indices. Concurrent low levels of both EOSD activity and plasma cerlupasmin was only observed in 15. 7% of cattle. Strikingly، only in 1% of the animals all indices were، simultaneously، lower than normal levels. In 38. 5% of cattle with low level of plasma copper and 36. 2% with low levels of liver copper، liver molybdenum (2. 7-11. 4 mg/kgDM) were higher than the normal ranges. In conclusion، complex relationship was observed between biomarkers of copper deficiency and it proved to be difficult to rely on only one index to interpret the copper status. Comparing various indices، it appears that assessment of plasma copper concentration accompanied by ESOD activity could provide a more practical and useful approach in evaluation of copper status in cattle.

To assess hard ticks population on Sangsari sheep breed under the effect of weather’s parameters such as duration of sun shine، humidity، ambient temperature، altitude، 5% of a flock (almost 1000 sheep in mountains and fields of Semnan and Tehran provinces) were randomly separated and were observed monthly. During a year، a total of 1505 hard ticks (635 females and 870 males) containing Dermacentor marginatus، Dermacentor raskemensis، Hyalomma marginatum marginatum were separated. Infestation rate were vary from 0% in two last months of autumn and winter to 82% in September. Intensity of infestation in different times، was vary from 0 to 12. 45 ticks on each sheep. Results showed that there is a significant relation between duration of sun shine and humidity with prevalence of infestations (p<0. 01). Average prevalence of infestation in different months was 56. 85% and average of intensity of infestations was 7. 56 ticks on each sheep. Also it was found out that altitude is one of the parameters which can affect the site of ticks on sheep’s body.

In this experiment two hundreds one day old broiler chicks (Ross 308) in 5 treatments and 4 replicates were used based a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments were: control treatment (basal diet)، clove essential oil (CEO) at different levels (100، 300 and 500 mg/kg + basal diet) and 600 mg/kg flavophospholipol antibiotics (FPA) + basal diet. Results showed that feed intake was negatively affected by increasing CEO as the lowest and the highest feed intake was observed when the broilers received 500 mg/kg CEO and antibiotic (P<0. 05) respectively. Also، the highest weight gain at antibiotic treatment and at the level of 300 mg/kg CEO and the lowest of weight gain was observed at control treatment and at the level of 500 mg/kg CEO (P<0. 01). The best and the worst feed conversion rate was observed at the level of 300 mg/kg CEO and control treatment (P<0. 001) respectively. Carcass and thigh proportional weights of broilers were increased at CEO oil and antibiotic treatments compared with control treatment (P<0. 01). Gastrointestinal and bursa of fabricius proportional weights of broilers were significantly decreased at CEO and antibiotic treatments compared with control treatment (P<0. 05). None of white blood cell، red blood cell، heterophil، lymphocyte، hematocrit، hemoglobin and antibody titers was affected by dietary treatments. In this experiment، the best performance was observed at the level of 300 mg/kg CEO.

Researchers of Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute have vital role in the health، food security and prevention of common diseases in the country. Therefore، conducting research on information seeking behavior and information needs will help us to delivering the better information services. So، investigation of information seeking behavior of the researchers and methods in accessing to the information resources are the main purposes of this research. Survey research method has been used to conducting the research. In order to gathering data from the researchers، Google Docs online questionnaire has been designed. Link of this questionnaire، without sampling، has been sent to all researchers via the email. In total، 140 researchers، out of the 200، completed the questionnaire. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and were performed using SPSS statistical software. The research results show that the use of “journal articles” is a top priority. In order to access to scientific information، researchers mostly used “communication and consultation with Iranian experts and researchers” and “personal experiences” methods. While minimal use of “communication and consultation with foreign experts and researchers” and “participating to foreign congresses” have been done. Allways، using the fulltext of information resources is a top priority.

For histological study of buffalo''s uterine tube، 10 genital organs of adult buffalos were sampled. General histology was taken out by H & E method، and special staining methods that used were respectively Verhoeff، toluidine blue، and PAS. This study revealed that elastic fibers exist in connective tissue of folds and wall of uterine tube and tunica muscularis، and also they exist relatively less in tunica serosa. In luteal phase، epithelium of uterine tube particularly in ampulla contains glycoprotein or carbohydrate secretion. These results revealed the importance of ampulla for primary nutrition of embryo. This study revealed that mast cells were scanty in connective tissue. Mast cell like metachromatic granules observed in cytoplasm of epithelial secretory cells of oviduct in luteal phase.