فصلنامه پژوهش های راهبردی سیاست
پیاپی 5 (تابستان 1392)

According to the Charter of the EU, human Rights is a cornerstone of the EU common foreign policy. In this context, European Union's political Negotiations urged with the Iranian authorities have criticized the human rights situation in Iran and have urged improvement in that matter. These criticism neglects the cultural, historical, religious,and traditions of Iranian people. on the contrary, Islamic Republic of Iran believes that the implementation of the human rights norms depends on social, cultural and religious differences from one community to another. For example, Iran believes that eye for an eye retaliatory regulations are necessary to preserve justice and human rights and derived from the Islamic law. Intersubjective disagreements has caused the human rights challenge in the bilateral relations. European Union members have frequently spoken. against the human rights situation in Iran. Iran has tried to resolve the dispute by all means to prevent the divergence between the two. In this research endeavors concentrated on the study of the role of human rights in Europe and the Islamic Republic of Iran's political divergence.

The main objective of the theories of national security is the safety and security of the nations in the international arena. But in order to achieve this, two initiatives bust be activated. First, there must be a strategic plan in order to strengthen national security. Second, this strategic plan must be manifested in laws and regulations. This paper tries to analyze these two matters in the laws of the economic, political, and cultural development program. In the first step, we study different national security theories and categorize them in strategic categories in order to test their success probability. Thus, five major western security theories have been analyzed and introduced. Then, strategic plans have been analyzed and applied to these theories. Main strategic plans of obtaining security from the beginning of the revolution have been analyzed in order to understand their characteristics. The results show that the I.R.I. security approach has turned from a hard and western attitude to a soft and Islamic one. This paper concludes that only an Islamic comprehensive security strategy can ensure national security of the I.R.I.

Asymmetric conflicts can be described as changes in the passage of time which are way different with traditional wars. this paper reviews the nature and extent of asymmetric conflicts such as political violence. The key question is:to what extent political violence can be seen in the context of asymmetric conflicts, and what mechanisms are needed to address these conflicts? Far from a reductionist attitude,a set of solutions proposed in order to reduce these conflicts.

In the early decades of the twentieth century, semi-modern states emerged in Iran and Turkey. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who managed to establish Turkey on the remains of the Ottoman Empire, tried hard to modernize turkey with Anti-religious approach. In Reza Khan successfully toppled the rotten Qajar Dynasty and took hold of the throne, Likewise, he believed in modernization through the process of westernization. Foreign relations between two countries, and especially Reza Shah`s historic visit to Turkey, Strengthened the theoretical bond of the two rulers. when Rezashah returned, he became more determined in his Westernization policy and particularly unveiling women. Despite similar theoretical approaches and the influence of Turkey on Iran, Comparing the westernization of Ataturk and that of Reza Shah reveals many differences in their magnitude and range. Ataturk omitted religious ranking, religious schools Sharia courts, and monasteries. He prohibited any religious signs and established European anti-Islamic civil law; he promulgated the payer, Quran, and Azan to be done in Turkish, and made a weakened change from Friday to Sunday; none were done by Reza Shah. The resistance in the two countries was different too. There was no social mobilization in Turkey and the resistance was regional and temporary. The question of this paper is which factors,despite similar theoretical approach, caused. the different achievements of Reza Shah and Ataturk. The main factor that can explain these differences (differences in the magnitude and the type of resistance) is "religion and the organization of clergies. Moreover, the lack of deep thought tradition in turkey, turkey’s neighborhood with west, strong bureaucracy remained from Ottoman Empire and finally territorial threats by Greeks are other influential elements.

In recent years, Iran- US Challenge has undergone major developments including sanction against the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran which means rapture of Iranian transactions with the world. According to US. officials these sanctions targeted Iranian financial capacities to ensure slower nuclear activities and changes in the behavior of the Iranian government. Since Islamic Republic nuclear program and its behavior and interaction with the West are managed under competent leadership of the Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei, assessment of his Attitude will guide us to find out the impact of the sanctions on Islamic Republic stances. Thus, this article tries to answer the following question: Did the sanction against Iranian centeral Bank Change the Supreme leader anti-western stances? In order to do so, contents of leader’s 24 public speeches analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively before and after sanction. Authors conclude that Supreme leader anti-western stances strengthen after Iranian Central Bank sanction.

Israel is based on the ethnical-religious foundations. The political thought and function in this regime is concentrated on racial supremacy. This subject is apparent in the framework of their hidden and obvious discourses. On the other hand, media is a powerful tool for transmitting data and meaning. It has a high capacity in forming thoughts and ideas of the audience. Israel is an ideological regime that uses mass media for spreading and dictating its political ideology, racial and ethnical superiority. The Israeli media have been continuously reproducing the hidden discourse that is concealed behind Israel's political ideology and the Zionism racism forms they propagate. Israel elites, in the process of identity-making of their citizens, use media to shape borders of these new identities. This article focuses on the aspects of the the relationship among language, discourse, ideological racism and media in the Zionist regime. through Teun A. Van Dijk and Norman Fairclough's approach.

Concentration on the importance of “Nation-State” as a notion and the characteristics of a nation that can be seen in Nationalism has long been changed in political thought. it can be argued that nation has changed to a political term and nationalism describes different aspects of the nations.Nationalism or the nationalist sentiment is associated with positive and negative consequences. In this study, lights shed on the explanation of the contradiction or interaction between the ideology of nationalism and Islamism? Despite strong background of Nationalism in Iran, factors such as the Islamic Revolution, religious leadership Imam Khomeini and emphasis on Islam and Islamism after the Islamic Revolution emphasis on Islam and Islamism after the Finally, it is assumed that despite contradictions between the two, a positive, balanced version of nationalism is approved in Islam and Islamic internationalism is in accordance with Islamic teachings.