فصلنامه لسان مبین (پژوهش ادب عرب)
پیاپی 12 (تابستان 1392)

Fourth Century Hijra is the time of great literary men. Undoubtedly, Abu Hayan Tohidi is one of the well-known writers whose name has remained up to the present time. The present article is a study of his life and his book titled Interestingness and Sociability; this great book can be better read in terms of themes and style. Before studying Tohid's stylistic prose, in terms of structure and content, the evolution of prose, most important events and influential factors in the dominancy of prose over poetry in that period is taken into account. Thus, we become familiar with Abu Hayan's status in relation to prose. The reason for choosing this particular text is due to its stylistic and scientific value. In this book we can trace all the signs of Tohidi's literary works and his personality.

Even though talking about great people of Ahl-albeyt is difficult task however, poets and literary men of different era have tried to reflect the values and virtues of these great people in their poems. Sheikh Ahmad Waeli known as Amir Almanaber is of the well-known poets of Njaf; he has tried to defend and reflect velayat in his poems. Knowledge, justice, bravery, patience, and self- respect are the features of these great people and they are used by the mentioned poet. Fluency, content and imagery are used in a simple and elegant way, devoid of genuine emotion of his fathering a pervasive impact on the reader's mind. On the other hand, political, social and cultural approaches in the context of his poems along with verses, hadiths, and narratives has enriched and deepened the meaning of his poems. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to highlight the innovations of this committed shiit in some of Waeli's poems.

Intertextuality is the result of the Linguistic approach in new field of criticism in literature. It is the connection between every literary text with its previous or contemporary texts. The theory was presented by the French critic, Julia Kristeva in the beginning of the 60s of the Twentieth century. Although the term intertextuality was coined in recent decades but this phenomenon has been used in Islamic literature and the most common type of this phenomenon, is the use of verses, vocabulary, and meanings of Quran in literary works. Hamadani is one of the most prominent writers of Maqameh in Abbasid era that has benefited, widely and differently, from many of the Quranic verses and chapters in his Maqamat. Therefore, this paper employs an analytical - descriptive method and by studying the Quranic verses in two Maqameh (Qazviynyeh and Vaziyeh) explains the influence of Quran on Hamadani. The analysis of two Maqameh shows that Hamadani was inspired by Quranic words, meanings or thoughts in his Maqamat. The most widely Quranic intertextuality used on two Maqameh is the Negation parallel.

Syntactical poems are of ancient devices of literature. To learn grammar easily, the grammarians employed poems. The result of such tendency brought about numerous commentaries. Ali Ibn Atifeh's descriptive-criticism, a grammarian scholar of the 13th Hejra, on the syntactical poems of Orvat Al-vosgha is one these commentaries written. One of the characteristics of this book is the detailed description over the opinions of the grammarians of the past with a critical view; this shows the proficiency of the critic. The influence of the ancient critics can be seen in this book and he is mostly influenced by Razi Al-din Astarabadi, Siyoti, and Seyyed Ali Khan Madni. The critic follows the syntactical school of Basra yet he occasionally prefers the grammarians of Kofu.

Over fourteen centuries, Quran, has subdued the fabric of human thought and life and in the realm of science it the most important source of inspiration and thought direction. On the one hand, there is always a logical sequence and order, to understand and appreciate it. Hence, the researchers attempt to classify the content and the most detailed part of their science to transfer the knowledge as best they can. In this regard, the grammarians and the Arabic scholars have divided a word into three parts, noun, verb, and preposition and have to a great extend talked about them. They have also tried to use more subcategories for them. But in the case of conditional sentences, with their ample application, there is no comprehensive division. Thus, the present study has aimed to classify these conditional sentences.

One of the important elements of narrative is time and it is of great importance when the writer or the narrator aims at deconstruction during the process of his writing. Gerad Genette, a well-known theorist of novel, he introduces three types of time between the time in the story and the time in the text that includes: order, duration and frequency. The present article studies the Endings in terms of narrative, time and time differences according to the theories of Genette. The result indicates that the writer has employed different time aspects and the three mentioned time. The evolution of time in this novel is related to the events and aims of the writer.

Short short story is one of the divisions of literary fiction that is written in reaction to some of the social, cultural, economical, and political factors; this is accompanied by the advancement of technology and man's reluctance towards long fictions in the seventy decades of the twentieth century.The form of such prose should be shorter than a short story, less than 500 words and no more than 1500. Elements of 'conflict', 'characterization', 'setting' and other elements of the short story should be used skillfully. Similar to other literary works, short short stories has a certain style which is one of the most important elements of it. Mahmoud Shaghir is one of the most prominent writers of the contemporary Arab and Palestine. Ritual for Naughty Women is his first collocation of short short story that includes sensitive and deliberative moments of women's life; it is an effort to promote their status in society. This article aims to consider the style of this collection using an analytical –descriptive method. The results of this research indicates that the collection includes new technical characteristics and prominent stylistic devices such as focusing on character's inside, clear and transparent code, separation (contrast and contradiction), deviation, negative endings, repetition, personification, the structure of the present story emphasizes on future verb expressing the reality with such bravery.

Undoubtedly, Arabic countries of the Middle East are among the richest countries of the world in terms of oil, gas and other underground assets; however, in terms of economical, social, cultural, and political growth they are on a lower lever. This could be one the reasons for popular uprisings of the region. Understanding the intellectual, political, cultural, and historical backwardness of these countries increases the knowledge and experience of those who seek to comprehend the political literature. Reflecting on the eight volumes of a famous poet, Nizar Qabbani (1998), especially his political poems, familiarizes the audience with such knowledge. Studying his literary works, the reader understands that more than any other poets he has made his addressee aware of the non-democratic structure of the Arab Middle East. He aims to show the adverse consequences of such systems on the individual and collective psyche of the people, including the institutionalization of fear in society, development of social interaction, promotion of lie and hypocrisy, corruption of language, economic backwardness and hallucination of the authorities and people.

Doubtfulness in ignorant poetry is one of the controversial issues in Arabic literature which has made the cons and pros to try to accept or reject it. One of the ballades which has been reproached and considered as a work by one of the narrators of ignorant poetry, Khalf-ol-Ahmar, is Lamiyah-al-Arab by Shanfara. This encouraged the writer to investigate and verify the truth of assigning this ballade to Shanfara by introducing qu-some statistical method. Qu-some method is one of the new methods in statistics which assists in recognizing the style of the writer and determining the writer of the work; it is based on analyzing the length of the sentences and high frequency of the words. The present study has utilized this statistical method in exploring one of the important issues in Arabic language that is Plagiarism in ignorant poetry. Regarding analytical-statistical methods, the study indicates that the writing style of the text is related to the stylistic linguistic features of Shanfara.

Kenning as a principle of eloquence is one of the literary acceptable methods which is used in order to express explicitly the intentions that only those people with literary tastes could perceive it. In this method, the speaker expresses his/her speech indirectly. Kenning has undergoes enormous changes like the other known methods. The old forms of kenning are different from its new forms. The present study is an attempt to investigate these changes over the history of Arabic eloquence and as a result discovering different types of kenning. For this purpose, first we define and explain each of the keywords in the study including kenning, irony, implicitness, pointing, code, and other type of kenning. Furthermore, the course of changes in each of the mentioned types throughout history of Arabic eloquence will be examined.

Literary works, especially works of fiction, are among the various useful sources that inspire script writers and movie makers and leads them to adapt them in their works. A play has a plot as well as a structure which includes a motif, a theme, and dramatis personae. Bokhala includes parables some of which possess outstanding dramatic capacities and comic situations. This article tries to provide an analysis of the dramatic structure of the stories in Bokhala and the approach to adapting them for the stage. All the tales in Bokhala are taken into account, eleven stories with the highest capacity (theme, motif, and dramatic situations and characters) for theatrical adaptation were chosen. To make a theatrical adaptation from an old tale, it is possible for the playwright to change the title, subject, characters, and phrases as well as to add scene explanations and effective dialogues. The purpose of these modifications is to adapt to the new social culture so that the new version could send a new massage to the new generation rather than repeating the same old massage. Realization of this ideal requires the creativity of an experienced director. However, the significance of this paper is to introduce stories from Bokhala which illustrate the above-mentioned features and can give way to adapting for the stage or writing plays by creative and experienced playwrights.

Over the last century, myths have been widely used in contemporary Arabic poetry. The myth of blue dove is the legacy of the ignorant age. Some of the poets employ the myth to reflect on the turmoil's of the Arab world. Izz al-Din Monasereh, a Palestinian poet, in an ode called Blue Dove and Amal Danqol, Egyptian poet, in an ode called Albaka in the Hands of the Blue Dove applied this ancient myth in the poetry resistance. This research uses a descriptive, analytical method to compare the two poet's approach linking the legend with political and social issues of the contemporary world. The results show that both poets have used poetic creativity to link this with the failure of the Arab world and have created a new concept. Donqol has created more innovations in this area and the extend of defeat of the Arabs by Israel, as a human tragedy, has been comprehensively expressed.