فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 51 (زمستان 1392)

Without any doubt one of the effective factors on economic and socio-cultural condition of rural and bread winner women is their social capital status. Regarding importance of social capital role in the life of these type of women، the project involved in analysing the dimensions of social capital of bread winner rural women. The main question in the research was that، how is distribution of social capital dimension among bread winner rural women? In which dimension the women are more exposed to social damage? and in which dimension are less affected? This research is a exploratory-descriptive type and was done with a survey method، research population was 5103 people of the bread winner and rural women covered by the social welfare organization of Sanandaj city، using Cochran formula، 102 people were selected as sample and random sampling was applied to get accurate units of study، by using social welfare organization name list. Exploratory factor analysis test، explains six components of، social solidarity، social participation، social security، social trust، socio-cultural values and social communication، whith 53. 22% of the total variance. Feridman test also shows that there is meaning full difference between average rating of the component of social capital in the research population. findings show that poor explanation of component such as social trust، socio-cultural values and social communication، have exposed the bread winner rural women to the more valnurable condition.

Quality of life can be considered as the final output of the development policy; therefore، taking into account the determining factors in this concept is super important to preserve and promote the quality of life. Present study investigates the relationship between maternal health and quality of life in Iran’s provinces in 2009. Using the Economist’s intelligence unit’s quality of life index and maternal index of international organization for children safety، we studied the quality of life and maternal health in all the provinces. By applying the numerical taxonomy the provinces were ranked and then the relationship between these two variables was analyzed. There was a positive significant correlation between maternal health and the quality of life. Tehran province ranked the first in maternal health and the total quality of life، while Systan and Baluchestan was the last in ranking in maternal health and the quality of life compared to all the provinces across the country. According to the findings، it can be concluded that maternal health has an undeniable role on increasing the quality of life، and related issues must be taken into consideration in policymaking and planning of life quality promotion

The main activities of the family physician are health based and its goal is maintaining and improving the health of the community. Overall health status is determined based on genetic، economic، social، cultural and environmental factors. In contrast، the development of society and its associated components، including cultural، economic and educational can impact on health status. Therefore، it is expected the outputs and results of health programs to have an important role in mentioned factors. This study has been conducted to understand the role of the family physician program on economic، culture and social situation on defined population in rural area from executive manager''s، decision makers'' and people point of view. this qualitative study with using focus group discussion (FGD) and individual interview technique was conducted in three universities of medical sciences; and analyzed by content analysis approach. Totally، 12 FGDs with population (60 persons)، 6 FGDs with family physicians (34 persons)، 8 individual interviews with key informant of health sector and 14 individual interviews of other sectors have been done. seven categories have been extracted by analyzing data including the goals of family medicine program، role of the program on economic and welfare situation of the community، role of the program on culture and life style (changing of the beliefs and culture، health nutrition، education، social determinants of health and the program)، social capital. (justice an and community participation). Based on opinion of participants family medicine has a role on some economic and social factors but there hasn''t any relation between the program and change of the community culture and life style. They believed that program mainly decreased the therapeutic expenses and provided feasible accessibility to health care. This has contributed to people''s quality of life and welfare situation

Duo to development in information and communication technology، Teleworking is an increasing interest to the organizations، to take advantage of its extensive benefits such as reduce commuting، performance improvement، and improve the balance between professional responsibilities and personal commitments of employees، and subsequently to obtain the benefits of balancing work-life. present article، while explain the relationship between Teleworking and improve the balance between work and Social life، The Factors affecting the successful implementation of Teleworking، such as Willingness of employees to Teleworking adoption، managers support of Teleworking، and the level of prepared needed resources for Teleworking have been investigated too، and the benefits of improving work-Social life balance caused by the use of Teleworking for organization and employees، such as having more stable workforce for the organization، and creating training opportunities and Career Development for the employees have been identified. In this study، survey method is used. Statistical population، have been included Teleworker and non-Teleworker employees of Ministry of Cooperatives، Labor and Social Welfare، which 297 questionnaires were completed by them. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS software، and the final results of the research questions were derived using single-sample t- test. To compare the views of Teleworker and non-Teleworker staffs، Independent-Sample t- test is used. The findings of this study indicate that، Teleworking would improve the balance between employees’ work and social life. The research results show that the organization’s employees are willing to adopt Teleworking، and necessary resources for Teleworking implementation are available، but organization’s managers are not supportive of Teleworking. The findings indicate that improve the balance between work and social life caused by the use of Teleworking، would help the organization to have more stable workforce، and also would help the employees to use training opportunities and Career Development. There is a significant association between “gender” and “education level” and improve the balance between work and social life caused by the use of Teleworking. Retention of Staffs and maintaining organizational capital is one of the biggest challenges for Human Resource professionals. Also، employees are seeking to promote their academic and professional development. Adoption and implementation of Teleworking program in organizations، and improve the balance between work and social life، as one of the Teleworking adoption indicators، makes the organization and employees will benefit from its advantages، such as help to maintain the organization''s workforce، and help to employees benefit from training opportunities and career development. This fact makes clear need to continue to use this new way of working.

Despite the legal and moral sanctions against infidelity and reported negative attitudes، the ubiquity of infidelity in the our country is difficult to deny. There are a vast number of magazine articles، news stories، and films shows that deal with the subject. Due to the growing prevalence and negative effects of marital infidelity، Understanding the complex relationships among selected individual and relationship variables that contribute to infidelity it is important And help predict its occurrence. If infidelity can be predicted، then more effective prevention also may be possible. The main goal of the present research recognizing the fundamental factors of marital Infidelity in order to develop prevention programs or clinical treatment of couples and families who are challenged with infidelity. This study adopts a qualitative approach which is beneficial for exploring the in-depth meanings that individuals attach to their relationships. Qualitative methods offer the best techniques with which to study my research questions، because the purpose of this research is to explore the why‟s of extramarital relationships. Qualitative methods allow the researcher to develop a level of detail about the individual or place and to be highly involved in actual experiences of the participants. I decided to employ the grounded theory approach. Because the purpose of the study was to obtain a thorough and in-depth understanding of extramarital relationships. This approach was most suitable to get to the heart of private and volatile matters. Interviews were also conducted with spouses of individuals who engaged in an affair. My role as the researcher was to guide، rather than dominate، the interviews which allowed for a more informal approach. This provided a more comfortable atmosphere with which to discuss sexuality، which can be a verysensitive and personal topic. The population covered in this project of married men who had actually experienced infidelity in a marriage. The sample used in this study consisted of 40 married men Engage in Marital Infidelity. The purpose of the research was to gain a more thorough understanding of what happens in a marriage when infidelity occurs. interviews were conducted over the course of one year،commencing on Mars، 2011، and concluding on Jan، 2011. the present study will belimited to only sexual infidelity. It is recognized that infidelity that involves consensual sexual behavior with one or more people other than ones spouse that the participant does not want their spouse to know about. Demographic information، such as age، length of marriage، education، occupation، age when married and number of children was collected. The participants ranged in age from 26 to 65، with a mean age of 38. 9. Age 42% of respondents were under 35. Majority of the respondents (84%) having children and 16% who did not. 30% of the respondents were employee، 20 % were seller، 18% were driver and 10% were Self Employed. 12. 5% of the respondents and 15% of their spouse had experience of suicide. 11% of the participants had experience of druge abuse، 10% tobacoo and 26% alcohol. Finding showed that there is evidence that marital satisfaction and sexual satisfactionare all related to infidelity. Majority of men who engaged in infidelity are more to report lower levels of sexual satisfaction. So، the relationship between sexual satisfaction is stronger for men. Most of participant had permissive attitudes toward infidelity. Not only those who are dissatisfied with their marriage seeking extramarital partners but that other factors، such as opportunity، may be involved. Teaching social skills and raise the awareness can be very effective in preventing of marital infidelity.

This article has been conducted to investigate the relationship of family burden with family function in mentally ill’s caregivers. This is a cross sectional-analytic study. Respondents are 118 caregivers of people with mental illness selected by systematic random sampling method. To collect data، family assessment device questionnaire (FAD)، the Family Burden Interview Schedule (FBI)، and a demographic information check-list are used. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test، Spearman correlation coefficient، Kruskal-Wallis and U-Mann-Whitney tests are applied to analyze data. The findings have shown a positive and statistically significant correlation between family burden and general family dysfunction (P<0/05). The same relationship was found between family burden and problem solving and emotional response (P<0/05). Also family burden has positive association with length of time caregivers spent with the patient، family income، and being or not being under governmental organizations’ protection (P<0/05) It seems rational to conclude that make plans to reduce family burden of caregivers of people with mental illness could indirectly improve their family’s function and consequently promote their health.

Interdiction: In 3 recent decades، the research about interaction of spirituality، religion and psychological variables have been exceeded considerably. The present study aimed to predict the tolerance level of mothers of educable and intellectually disabled children according to their religious attitudes. This was a correlation study and 123 mothers with educable and intellectually disabled children selected in convenience from Wellbeing Centers in Firoozeh City. Mothers answered to Religious Assesment Questionnaire (Mohammadi، 2006) and Caregiver Burden Inventory (Novak & Guest، 1988). The collected data were analyzed by using Pearson’s correlation and analysis of multiple regressions. Findings showed that there is a high correlation (r=0. 78) between religious attitudes and tolerance level. According to Eta quotient، 60% of the variations of tolerance level can be explained by religious attitudes. In fact، the predictive variables can explain the tolerance level of mothers significantly (p<0. 0001; F=34. 271). We can increase mothers’ awareness about religious attitudes by holding the same training workshops in addition to promote mothers’ religious attitudes، improve their tolerance level and prevent from following problems.

This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity and standardization the «Child exposure to domestic violence scale». The statistical population included the high school students from First Grade and Second Grade in Tehran in the school year of 2011-2012. A total cohort of 1،212 (615 male and 597 female)، selected by stratified Sampling. «Child Exposure to Domestic Violence» Scale (Edleson، Johnson & Shin، 2007) was translated into Persian، it`s items appropriated to Iranian culture، and was conducted in sample. The data was analyzed using SPSS16 by conducting descriptive and analytical operations such as absolute and relative frequency، mean، standard deviation، Pearson correlation coefficient، paired t-test، and exploratory factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the scale measured seven subscales: “exposure to father’s violence against the mother”، “exposure to parental conflicts”، “child’s involvement in parent’s violence”، “exposure to violence in school or community”، “exposure to family risk factors”، “exposure to violence through the use of violent video technologies”، and “adult violence against child” that justified 60/04% of the total variance of the scale. The correlation between the scores of the CEDV and “exposure to parental physical violence questionnaire” (Vameghi، 1385) showed an acceptable convergence validity. Also، the total Cronbach''s alpha coefficient (. 89) and the test –retest reliability coefficient showed that “child exposure to domestic violence scale” has satisfactory reliability. Ther was a statistically significant difference in means of the scale for both boys and girls groups. The same result was found in all subscales (except for exposure to family risk factors subscale). Therefore، the normalization was carried out with regard to gender. The “child''s exposure to domestic violence” scale has satisfactory reliability and validity and to run in the Iranian childrens is useable.

There are many factors affecting crime rates. Economic factors are one of them. Also، nature of crimes and the effects of economic factors on them are different. Economic crimes have a specific importance in economics of crime. Researchers in Iran don’t investigate the determinants of crime، especially economic crimes. Thus، in this paper we investigate the short- and long run effects of inflation، unemployment، and misery index on economic crimes. Also، we investigate the causality relationship between misery index and economic crimes. In this paper، for investigation the short and long run relationship between variables، we use Pesaran et al. (2001) and Johanse-Juselious cointegration technique، and Bardsen method. Also، for investigation causal links between variables، we use Holmes-Hutton (1990) non-parametric causality test. Inflation has a positive effect on economic crimes in short run. Unemployment has a positive effect in short run and negative effect in long run on economic crimes. But misery index has a positive and significant effect on economic crimes in short and long run. Also، there is bidirectional causality between misery index and economic crimes. Simultaneous and multiplied increase of inflation and unemployment (hence، increase in misery index) in long run causes the individuals endure the particular pressure، and the power of society in regulating and controlling of individuals to begin to decline. Therefore، opportunity for obtain legal work decrees and motivation of individuals to commit an economic crime are increase. Also economic criminals in Iranian doing-business space discourage، and decrease probability of reemployment of them in formal labor market.

Nowadays، happiness has had a considerable importance in a way that has become as one of indexes for improving the societies. when we study the relatioship between students، as the most active and agile class of society، it’s importance becomes twice. Therefore، in this research we try to study the amount of happpiness and the related factors among University of Tabriz students. The methodology is survey and the population includes the whole students in Tabriz Univrsity in 1389-1390 who were 24000. We choose 378 students as sample hhrough Kookran Formula and stratified random sampling method. The data were analyzed through SPSS 17 software. The Findings of study show that social capital، econmical capital and cultural capitals have a direct and meaningful relatiuoship with student’s happiness. The results of regresssion also show that dependent variable، happiness، much more than the other variables has been affected by social trust. In addition، we can refer to social participation، social conformity and cultural capital which have the most affect in explaining the dependent variable. It should be mentioned that the variables entered to model could explain 39% of variance in dependent variable. Based on our results we can say that among the types of Capitals، social capital has the greatest role in explaining the happiness of students and Among the three dimensions of social capital، social cohesion compared to the other dimensions، it has more impact on student happiness، also Impact on happiness than economic capital is cultural capital and Economic capital is less effective in explaining the variance in happiness. All we can say that To enhance the happiness of students، social and cultural capital dimands is an important component of economic capital dimands

Nowadays in order to achieve sustainable development، social capital is essential as well as human capital. Because social capital can cause maximum use of different resources. This paper aimed at studying social capital in Zanjan province. Based on exploratory، analytic-descriptive method. In order to studying social capital in this area some affiliate indexes have been applied through quantitative and qualitative methods. The population of interest in this research is the people of Zanjan province. The stratified random sampling has been used to ensure that estimates had been made with equal accuracy in different counties of the province and at least 1250 samples had been selected based on population of each county. Essential data and information has been collected through documentary and survey methods including questionnaire and interview. findings have shown the membership analysis in social networks emphasize on the noticeable role of informal relationship networks in social capital forming in this province. It indicates that only half of population of interest in this study، both in urban and rural settlements، has experienced group work. Accomplishing required tasks، making religious ceremonies and charities have developed the social relations of people more than other factors in this region. According to the findings of this study major supporters of people in this community were first family members and then friends which indicate that there is no great expectation between individuals that others will in-turn support them. People of this area could achieve a balanced compound of moral and material social norms. Trust in others which affects people''s willingness to participate in social and economic activities is limited in this area which informs that social capital in this community had less opportunity to develop.

Interdiction: Being happy is a response to how to live، especially for the young people who build the future of this land. Happiness produces passion، emotion، motivation، seeking and effort in the youth life and that’s the necessity of happiness. So، this study aims to examine relationships of social capital and its dimensions with happiness of young people. The method of research is survey. 380 individuals among the 15-29 year old residents in Babolsar city are the sample size. Data gathered through two kinds of questionnaires (modified Oxford happiness questionnaire and made of researcher social capital questionnaire). Findings based on Pierson tests; show that there is a direct correlation between independent variable of social capital and its dimensions with youth'' happiness. Also، the most correlation of happiness is with social relation and the least is with formal participation. The results of this research show that among the three dimensions of social capital، social relation and social trust along side with variable of economic-social status account for 25 percent of happiness.