مجله رهیافت های سیاسی و بین المللی
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پیاپی 33، بهار 1392)

The arena of public policy, especially since 1950s, has turned to a productive and fertile arena in developed world. However, public policy studies are immature in Iran and the number of academic disciplines as well as related works in the field, compared with leading countries, is so little. Thus, the authors of this article are going to assist in the development of the public policy literature and also to put at the center of attention the capacity of the public policy models in explaining the public policy process in Iran through the analysis of these models in world.

In response to the bad condition due to the political despotism, Pahlavi II intellectuals applied some statements of New Romanticism against current socio-political situation in their work, but since romanticism in new trend was shifted to the subjective and mental revolution versus European life reality, they couched to the imaginary world and so opposed to the modernity and its accomplishments. In readout of the roots of some of the principles of romanticism discourse in some intellectuals’ works, authors at this article emphasis on this idea that opposition to modernity and its agents in Iran, was largely influenced by the new left wave and so the slogans such as return to self, west antagonism and anti rationalism, comes from romantic discourse. In final analysis, these intellectual slogans in that historical period have no roots in Iranian everyday life.

Government in its new sense is one of the modernity manifestations. Modern state relies on four elements (government, authority, population and territory). Since the modernity base has been founded on tradition, the question is whether the main components of the new state in margin of ancient intellectual tradition and modern scholars could open up a new way towards a new state by referring to heritage of tradition and highlighting these components? Comparative examination of this question in both Greek and Islamic thought -based on Plato and Al farabi’s views - showsthat the West intellectual traditions possesses these concepts, but Muslim intellectual tradition lacks the components of the “state” in its new meaning. Hence, the “new state” for Muslims is detectable by segregation from the ancient intellectual heritage. For example, you can not prepare state theory plan in its new concept by referring to the ideas of Al farabi. This shows implicitly that our way is away from western thought and there should be a different way according to Islamic civilization heritage and its historic implications, culture and context. Therefore, although the Islamic modernity foundation should be placed on Muslim intellectual tradition, in certain cases which there is not this capacity and possibility, a new approach should be established. In this paper, conceptual framework is expressed at first. Then new state’s elements are introduced and detected in both Greek and Islamic ranges.

War as a recurring phenomenon, even as some sort of deadly epidemic disease that breaks out among nations every once in a while, has long been recognized as a central problem by almost every international relations theorist and the stability of different regions of the world has long been defined in terms of the proximity to or remoteness from the occurrence or likelihood of war. It’s probably for this reason that so many scholars have devoted their most important works to probing the causes of war and the way to prevent it and one of the measures to assess the intellectual depth of different theories, is to study their explanatory power with regards to the occurrence (or ending) of different wars. As this study will suggests, instead of considering wars as some sort of deadly epidemic disease or mass-foolishness, the occurrence of wars can reasonably be regarded as some sort of mishandling of certain capabilities that quite logically exist in the man made international system. In this article using the collected data from all important wars (wars with 900 fatalities and more), the authors statistically show that most wars from 1900 to 2000 interval must in fact be considered as the result of miscalculations and not well calculated logical decisions that states have intentionally made in the pursue of their foreign policy objectives.

Energy Security is a concept that has been used repeatedly but yet is an ambiguous. There are three approaches to define energy security. Military approach, with geopolitical and geostrategic view, concentrates on national security and state-national level to define energy security. Economic-technologic approach analyses this concept by injecting it in the market mechanism; and environmental approach looks at the consequences of consumption of various energies and defines energy security at global level. Beyond and related to these approaches, we can show indicators for energy security concept. In short, energy security has been changed since 1970s. In that decade, energy security was a simple concept and policy makers used to make desirable decisions. Nowadays, energy security is an umbrella concept and has become as an analytical tool in hands of researchers in different disciplines.

Democracy as the best form of humane government and the participation rights of people in their self-determination is an old concept in human history. Nowadays, democracy through different models, is one of the main alternatives for limiting the states. But the most of models of democracy had ideological orientations. Democracy is a legitimate form and method of government that all thinkers try to present a new and the most functional form of democracy for a new world; and today we observe a new attempt from ideological models toward realistic models of democracy in practice. Cosmopolitan democracy is one of the realistic patterns, which is presented by David Held and has a global impact. According to his viewpoint, democracy receives its power and importance from principle of participation and self-determination right idea. He believes that democracy is a process toward democratic public law, human public law and human global participation in the case of plurality of human identity in the forms of its national, regional and global. Held try to show us that democracy as a successful regime, goes on its way through a process from Westphalian state oriented models toward new social movements and global civil society. This article illustrates the most principles and structures of cosmopolitan democracy from national levels toward global levels and from the state oriented democracy to the global democracy. The last dream of Held is to reach to cosmopolitan democracy. He takes an attempt to find new forms of cosmopolitan political society that all members of that participate and force on global decisions.

In 20th century, what has been mainly concerned was to pass from metaphysic while considering Platonic model. In this regard, it is post modernism which has been known as one of the most important cases in this philosophical passing. Amongst the philosophers, there are some who believe that passing from modern metaphysic, especially post modernism, is so problematic for modern democratic order; however, post modernism philosophers, themselves, think about the way of developing the democratic order. How democracy has been defined and understood is so significant; so that the argument between post modern philosophers and the critics, as being said, is due to nothing but their different way of defining and understanding the democratic order. In this paper, Foucault’s thoughts are to be taken into consideration as one of the most important ones in the post modernism filed and his thinking method, based on philosophical principles of democratic order, is going to be studied as well as being criticized.