فصلنامه ایمنی زیستی
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پاییز 1391)

The application of the concept of pathogen derived resistance opened new horizons for the development of virus-resistant plants. In this mechanism، resistance to a virus is engineered in transgenic plants through the expression of a segment of the virus genome. This technique simply improves the development of crops which deliver high yields. On the other hand، there are some concerns about transgenic crops consumption. Also development in pesticides، chemical fertilizers and other technologies related to modern intensive agriculture threaten both human health and environment. Therefore the first step after transgenic plant production is to evaluate its potential benefits and risks to the environment and these should be compared to those generated by traditional agricultural practices. The main ecological concerns that are currently debated are complementation، heterologous encapsidation، synergy، plant-to-plant gene flow by outcrossing، plant-to-virus gene flow by recombination، effect on nontarget organisms، food and feed safety.

One of the most common contaminants found in the soil، are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Because these compounds are widely distributed in the environment، carcinogenic and cause fetal abnormalities are of particular importance. Based on a comparison of different methods، biological methods of soil improvement options، cost-effective and superior. In addition to choosing the best method، other factors with the affect on the high efficiency on the method، also must be examined. In addition to the litter of bioremediation is effective microorganisms، nutrients can also be required to recultivate the soil، provide.. In this paper، citing previous methods of bioremediation on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in recent years، the importance of soil in the living all organisms and also using the power of the bacteria in fertilizer avian the method of the composition of the soils application phenanthrene and pyrene were reviewed.

Cultivating more than 170. 3 million hectares of GM products in more than 28 countries and consumption of GM products in hundreds of countries، do not block opposition of some apparently environmentalist or Human health groups. One of the concerns expressed by these groups is probability of unintended effects due to insertion of transgene in a region of host genome which may be critical to the quality of the product. Toevaluate theresult ofinsertionof a transgene into the genomeknowing the sequence surrounding the integrationsitecan be useful. Althoughthe Identification of DNA sequences flanking transgene insertions site is not consider as a necessary steps of biosafetyriskassessment، butGM productsmanufacturersandresearchers in thisfield do this analysis voluntary and to create more confidence in consumers. Various methodshave been proposedto determination of DNA sequences adjacent to transgene، each method has advantages and special complexities. This paper review and analysis the procedures. These techniquesincludemethodsbased cloning andPCR. Cloning despite high accuracy، less has been used due to time-consuming. In contrast، PCR-based methods are rapid and cheap and a large number of these methods have been developed in recent years،which are divided into three main groups: inverse PCR، ligation/adaptor mediated PCR and primer-based methods.

Publication of Seralini et al. 2013 about the risk of tumor induction in transgenic maize cultivar resistant to Roundup herbicides raised a wave of propaganda against transgenic crops in the world. One part of this Propaganda was a video called “Moment of Truth«in that، authors expressed their results and concluded that the transgenic maize and implicitly، all other transgenic crops have an ability to induce tumors in mice and even in human as great as a basketball ball. So، they ask EU officials to revise about production، release، importation and consumption of such products in EU countries. The video was translated and published widespread in Iran and affected on public opinion and caused public anxiety، so this article was written in response to it. The evaluation of this study indicated that the race of mice (Harlan Sprague-Dawley) which has been used in this study has a high risk of tumors incidence itself، even without feeding the mice with transgenic crop. In addition، problems such as lack of replications and statistical analysis in experiments of this study increased its uncertainties. Besides، the best conclusion based on Seralini’s resultscould be that GM maize was prevented tumors and cancer، or at least، there was no impact on incidence of tumors. However، surprisingly the authors concluded that GM maize might induce tumor in mice. Officially and scientific resources including European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have rejected these findings، and finally in 2013، the paper was retracted by the publication Journal.

temperature is an important factor for the survival and viability of organisms. When the temperature drops beings are faced with a great challenge. Organisms that live in climates with temperatures below zero، different habits have to deal with cold. One of these adaptations is the development of special proteins called antifreeze proteins and ice prevents them from growing. Extensive studies on antifreeze proteins in relation to their structure، how to deal with ice crystals and the mechanism of their work is done. Antifreeze proteins have great potential in commercial applications، the food industry is a significant part of which is used in antifreeze proteins. Using transgenic techniques and protocols، can be into fish antifreeze proteins، yeast، fruits and vegetables، suggesting that these organisms can useful new features. Antifreeze proteins to allow certain organisms that live in cold environments and survive in temperatures below zero degrees to maintain، They prevent the growth of crystalline ice and re-connect the fluid through the ice surface act. In this paper types of antifreeze protein structure and its location، how to deal with ice crystals and applications of this industrial antifreeze proteins has been studied.

Nanotechnology has been applied in many applications including developing of biosensors in nano-scales to monitor and control of food material and processing. Nanobiosensors are designed by combining bio- and nano-technologies with electrical processing so that it reacts with one specific analyte، while using specific reactions with particulat analytes by applying microelectrods and photoelectron strength; it offers an accurate analyzer tool in minimum sizes. These sensors are considered as beneficial devices in diagnosis and control of contaminants as well as detecting pathogenic bacteria in animals، plants، water، and food products. Using these sensors، it would be possible to detect low quantities of harmful chemical compounds، viruses and bacteria in agricultural and environmental systems with a tremendous evolution. In this paper، some applications of nanobiosensors in enhancing food security are being evaluated.

In the year 2050 the world population will exceed 9 billion people. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has predicted that food production must increase by at least 70% while the number of hungry people today remain at the same level. Poverty، hunger and malnutrition، are considered as the roots of many diseases as well as issues of cultural and social instability in human societies. Access to adequate and safe food، clean water، and clean air are of the most obvious human rights of all citizens، and providing these needs for all citizens are among the inherent duties of all governments. However، besides productive agricultural and industrial activities، environmental issues must be taken into serious consideration. Unfortunately، in human societies in many cases these goals are in conflict with each other. For example، the use of pesticides and fertilizers to increase agricultural production، can impose many risks to human health and the environment. Contamination of soil and groundwater and surface water as a result of application of these poisonous chemicals without environmental considerations، and pesticide residues in our daily food and vegetables، can be considered as great threats to life on the Earth. Fortunately، the use of modern biotechnology or genetic engineering and recombinant DNA in particular، using the most advanced human achievements in the field of cellular and molecular biology which inspired from the nature can minimize these antagonisms. In this article we have tried to emphasize the importance of sustainable development to protect human health، the environment and future generations، and to enumerate the dangers that threaten it. In this regard we tried to show the important role of modern biotechnology and genetic engineering in protecting the environment، and responsible and efficient use of resources to achieve sustainable development.