مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد
سال بیست و دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 96، فروردین و اردیبهشت 1393)

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is used as a disinfectant in laboratories and hospitals which its efficacy level depends on duration of radiation. Therefore, this study was done to evaluate the duration of UV radiation effect on drug susceptibility testing of Rhizopus spp. to amphotericin B, itraconazole and fluconazole. This cross- sectional study was conducted on 12 clinical strains isolated from patients according to CLSI M38-P method. Initially, fungal suspensions were supplied with cell ranges of 0.5-5×104cfu/ml. Then, drug stocks of itraconazole and amphotericin B with serial dilution of 0.03125-16 µg/mlas well as fluconazole of 0.125-64µg/ml were prepared. Drug susceptibility was scrutinized pre and post UV radiation after 1, 2, 5,10,60,90 and 120 s of UV radiation. The highest and lowest MICs were 64µg/ml and 0.5 µg/ml for amphotericin B and fluconazole pre UV radiation, respectively. After UV radiation, MICs gradually decreased so that after 10 s of UV radiation, MICs were <0.03125 which were considered 0. MICs of mentioned drugs significantly decreased with increasing UV radiation of more than 2 s duration compared to pre UV radiation (P< 0.05). UV radiation use with proper radiation time is recommended for prevention of nosocomial fungal infection.

Suffering is a subjective phenomenon that affects all dimensions of an experiencing person, family members and health team. Relieving suffering of each individual is a principal goal of health team. It seems that chronic process of disease and numerous physical problems, along with psychological, social and economical problems in the chemical victims, each can by itself involves a source of suffering in this group of patients. The aim of this study was to clarify chemical victim's experiences of the Iran-Iraq war in terms of nature and structure of suffering sources. This is a qualitative study with phenomenological method. Twelve military chemical victims were selected based on purposive sampling with the maximum variety. The study data were gathered through in-depth and non-structured interviews and, thus were analyzed by “Parse” method. The findings of this study are summarized in these core concepts: “Suffering as a value resource”, “Physical problems as a source of suffering”, “society as a source of suffering”, “The economic problems as a source of suffering”, “Disturbance in family comfort as a source of suffering”. Participant's experiences reflect that victims need to be understood by health team, officials and members of the society. Moreover, some steps can be taken to reduce the suffering including increasing social respect, supporting family clubs. Also providing other social supports such as educational programs to improve their caring of themselves and offering appropriate facilities proportionate with needs of victims can be mentioned.

Vaginal dryness is a common symptom after menopause and reduction of estrogen levels. Prescription of the drug can temporarily be effective but it will not be possible for most of the women to take them for a prolonged period of time. Therefore, as an alternative to estrogen replacement, this study was conducted to determine the effect of vitamin D on vaginal dryness in menopause women. In the present double-blind clinical trial study, forty-four women were randomly divided into two groups. Treatment group received the vitamin D vaginal suppository, and the control group received placebo vaginal suppository in an 8-week period. The vaginal paleness and dryness were assessed in first, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of visit. The mean of maturation index of parabasal cells were measured in the beginning of the study as well as at the end of the eighth week. The Mann-whitney and independent T-test were utilized in order to analyze the data. The mean of vaginal dryness in treatment and control groups were (Mean ± SD), 1.42±0.5, 2.09±0.76, respectively, at the end of eighth week (P<0.05). Mann Whitney test determined a significant difference (P<0.05) of vaginal palenss in the treatment group (1.9±0.62) compared to the control group (2.8±o.67). The mean of parabasal cells in the treatment group decreased significantly compare to the control group. Vitamin D vaginal suppository is effective on decrease of vaginal dryness and paleness in menopause women.

Progressive natural history and complications of diabetes emphasize the need to adopt appropriate therapeutic strategies. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of yoga on body composition, blood glucose, HbA1c, Cutaneous fat percentage, and VO2max of type 2 diabetic patients. In this quasi-experimental study, 30 men with mean age of 49/30±5/40 years in Yazd were purposefully selected via a convenience sampling and divided into two groups of experimental and control(15 each). Experimental group began the yoga exercises for 12 weeks and 3 sessions per week for 60 minutes, whereas the control group did not receive any regular physical activity. In this study, several variables were measured before and after 12 weeks in both groups including fasting blood sugar (fbs), 2 hour glucose (IIh.pp), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), aerobic power (VO2max) and Cutaneous fat percentage. In order to measure fbs, IIh.pp, HbA1c, 10 cc of fasting blood and 10 cc of blood 2 hours after breakfast were collected from the subjects in Yazd Diabetes Center. Racopurt test was used to measure VO2max and Lange caliper was applied to measure Cutaneous fat percentage. Moreover, in order to compare the changes between the two groups, mean differences were analyzed using T-test. No significant difference was observed in levels of fbs, IIh.pp, HbA1c, VO2max and Cutaneous fat percentage in the experimental group compared with the control group (p< 0/05). Yoga exercises (for 12 weeks) can be effective on controlling the blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients.

Panoramic is the most widely used radiographs for the oral and dental diagnosis. This study aimed to investigate the common errors of digital panoramic radiographs in patients who referred to School of Dentistry (Yazd, Iran). This study was a cross-sectional descriptive one. Four-hundred radiographs available in the department archive were utilized. They aged from 10 – 70 years. The common positioning errors were divided into 13groups and the study data were analyzed via SPSS (Version 17). The frequencies of errors were as followed: there were only 47(11/7%) error free radiographs and its prevalence involved forward position (8.7%) of patient, back position of patient(9%), head twisted (6/2%), head tilted (3/7%), chin tipped too low (11%). chin raised too high (27/7%), slumped position (14/5%), chin not on chin rest (0%), tongue not on plate (21/5%). Moreover, bite guide was not used (5%), Prostheses was not removed (1/2%), and metallic accessories were not separated (4%). Most errors were related to “Chin raised too high”. The lowest error was associated with “Chin not on chin rest”. It seems that the best strategy for having radiographs with fewer errors is appropriate and accurate positioning of the patient.

Today, research in the field of antimicrobial peptides is active. Thus, the aim of this study is to purify and determine biochemical properties (especially antimicrobial effect) of new antimicrobial peptides from skin secretions of bufo kavirensis. This is a descriptive study. The skin secretions of bufo was purified by biochemical manners and antimicrobial effects was characterized by radial dffusion assay and minimal inhibitory concentration. The sequence of peptides was also determined by using MS/MS. A novel antimicrobial peptide was obtained from skin secretions. This peptide is composed of 20 amino acids. This peptide does not present any similarity with the other antimicrobial peptides from the amphibians. Thus, it was named Maximin Bk. The peptide was subjected to antimicrobial activity assays. The Buforin–Kpeptide showed considerable antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), 8.1 to 20.78 µg/ml) as well as fungi (MIC, 25.7 to 35.6 mg/ml). Moreover, this peptide showed higher antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative than against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Maximin Bk showed virtually low hemolytic activity, which, at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, induced 5% hemolysis. Thus, a very slight haemolytic activity was obtained against human erythrocytes. On the basis of the biological effects, Buforin–Kcan can be regarded as the potent agent for treatment of various microbial diseases.

Cannabis sativa is a plant that is Called Cannabis in Persian and has diversity all over the world. This plant grows in North region, Arak and Kashan in Iran. Chemical compounds of this plant are cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid and tetra hydro cannabinol that cause the increase in duration of anesthesia via injection of anesthesia drugs. This effect shows the effectiveness of this plant extraction for sedation and smoothing. It is claimed that the usage of this drug for preanesthesia causes the reduction of anesthesia duration induction and increases anesthesia persistency. It seems that Cannabis and its compounds have effects on sleep through hypothalamus and posterior nucleus hemisphere. herbal extract of Cannabis Sativa (with doses of 150, 300, 450mg/kg, IP), Diazepam (with dose of 1.2mg/kg, IP), and Di-methyl sulphoxide with the equal volume was injected intraperitoneally into two different groups of male wistar rats 30 minutes before assessing the relief sedative and preanaesthetic effects (induced sleep duration by ketamine 40mg/kg, ip) & anti-anxiety effects (using elevated plus maze). The results showed a meaningful increase in the period of the sleep time that had been induced with Ketamine and also a meaningful increase was observed in the time spent at open arms in the treatment groups with high and low dose of extract. The results showed that the Cannabis Sativa extract with dose of 350mg/kg has sedative, preanaesthetic & anti-anxiety effects.

Multiple Sclerosis is the most common non - traumatic illness of central nervous system. Due to debilitating nature of the disorder, and its unpredictable progress, there is a great deal of uncertainty about the future health and well-being of MS sufferers. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the perceived uncertainty in patients with MS. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. The study population consisted of 200 non- hospitalized patients With Multiple Sclerosis. Convenience sampling was applied in this study and data was collected via a questionnaire including background information and MUIS-Community questionnaire consisting of 23 items about uncertainty. Data analysis was performed by T-test and ANOVA test. Results showed that the most active patients (5/79%) were females and 5/67% were married. Overall mean score of uncertainty scale was 67.20 (12/35). The results related to uncertainty dimensions revealed that mean score of ambiguity was 32.24, mean score of complexity was 11.80, mean score of inconsistency was 4.79 and unpredictability was 2.78. The results related to relationship between perceived uncertainty and demographic factors show significant difference between the education level and residence with perceived uncertainty and ambiguity. Considering that MS patients experience the high levels of uncertainty that it will lead to depression and stress, therefore, with the emphasis on rigorous assessment of patient health and holding educational classes of uncertainty management especially for people with lower education level can be an effective step to reduce stress and depression in patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

Influence of physical activity with supplement consumption on the decrease of free radicals effects is not well known during exercise. Purslane is one of the richest sources of omega-3 fatty acid. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8-week exercise with Purslane consumption on peroxidant and antioxidants indicators (MDA, SOD, CAT) in women with type 2 diabetes. 28 sedentary women with type 2 diabetes participated in this study with average age of 50 years and with no history of regular exercise that were randomly divided into 4 groups: control (C), exercise (E), supplementation (S) and exercise + supplementation (E+S). Training programs were 60-75 minutes of aerobic exercise, 3 times in week with 50-70% of maximal heart rate. S and E+S groups consumed 5gr of Purslane seeds with lunch and performed aerobic exercise after 3 hours. Also, 2/5 gr Purslane was consumed with dinner. Blood samples were taken in two phases (before and after 8 weeks) following 12 to 14 hours of being fasted. MDA decreased significantly, but SOD and CAT levels increased significantly in E, S, E+S groups after 8 weeks (P> 0/05). Also there was a significant difference between MDA in E and E+S groups after 8 weeks (P=0/015). The results showed that regular aerobic exercise with Purslane consumption can improve peroxidant and antioxidant balance in women with type 2 diabetes and prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress and also diabetes.

In order to increase the bonding strength of the composite resin cements to the indirect composites, experiments such as the creation of surface roughness with sandblasting, acid-etching, silane application, laser, etc. have been carried out. However, there is no consensus about the results. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Er: YAG and Nd: YAG lasers and acid etching on microshear bond strength of an indirect composite resin. After making 30 blocks of Gradia indirect composite (GC/Japan), three groups were considered (10 each): A(Er:YAG), B(Nd:YAG) and C (control, without interfering laser). Phosphoric acid (40%) was applied on half of the subjects in each group. Thereafter, 4 columns of the Panavia F2 resin cement were made on top of each block of composite. The micro-shear bond strength rates were examined by MTD-500(SD Mechatronik-Germany)with the cross head speed of 1mm/min). The data were analyzed by the t-test, one way /two-way ANOVA and the Post-Hoc analyses. There was a significant increase in the bond strength in the laser groups, Er:YAG(P: 0.01) and Nd: YAG(P: 0.01), compared with the control group(P:0.94). The lasers alone (P<0.001) and the combination of the laser and acid-etching (P: 0.001) had significant effects. Overall, the effect of Er:YAG without acid-etching was more than all the other groups. The two Er:YAG and Nd: YAG lasers increased the bond strength. Though etching alone had no significant effect, the application of the laser Nd:YAG with etching increased the bond strength.

Early diagnosis of oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) needs the knowledge about the disease and keeping it during the period of professional activity. This study aimed to compare general dentists and dental interns regarding their knowledge about OSCC in Yazd in 2012. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 110 general dentists and 23 dental interns in Yazd (a city in Iran) in 2012 via utilizing a questionnaire. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out using ANOVA and Fisher's exact test. The results of this study indicated, that although the level of intern's knowledge (8.93 out of 20) was significantly higher (P<0.001) compared to that of general dentists (5.99 out of 20), both groups revealed poor level of knowledge (5-9.99). As a matter of fact, with an increase in the years of graduation, the mean awareness of general dentists significantly (P=0.001) decreased. Moreover, there was no significant relationship between the subject's knowledge and gender (P=0.671), attending re-education courses (P=0.864) and the type of university (P=0.868). The results of this study showed that reconsidering the education issues for the dental students seems more important than revising re-education courses for the dentists.

Metabolic syndrome consists of a group of metabolic disorders which is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Several studies are conducting in regard to the effects of plant polyphenols as an alternative treatment for metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to assess the effects of cranberry supplement on some features of metabolic syndrome. In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 48 women with metabolic syndrome were followed for 8 weeks, divided into two groups: intervention and control. The participants in the intervention group received 2 capsules of cranberry extract (equal to 400 miligrams of cranberry extract) and the participants in the control group received two placebo capsules daily. Serum levels of glucose, insulin, lipid profile, oxidative stress marker, fat tissue distribution and blood pressure were measured at the beginning and after 8 weeks of the study, and were compared between the two groups. Compared to the control group, HDL- cholesterol level increased significantly in the intervention group (P<0.05). Also a significant reduction was seen in systolic blood pressure and waist circumference in the intervention group (P<0.05), whereas no change was made in levels of glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index and oxidative stress marker. In the present study, cranberry supplement increased HDL-cholesterol level, decreased blood pressure and waist circumference in patients with metabolic syndrome, but did not have any effect on other lipid indices and oxidative stress marker.

Anxiety has an impressive effect on normal vaginal delivery. Since no study has been conducted in this regard, this research is designed to determine the effect of cognitive behavior therapy on the reduction of anxiety at first normal vaginal delivery. A semi-experimental study was carried out on 40 nulliparous women with six months age of pregnancy and without abortion and infertility background. After the completion of testimonial, the rate of anxiety was evaluated by Beck anxiety inventory. Then the participants were randomly divided into two groups (20 persons in each group). The experimental group received ten sessions of individual cognitive behavior therapy. The test was carried out again a week before delivery and twenty days after it. The data analysis was accomplished by SPSS16 and Co-variance analysis test. At first the average of anxiety score in the experimental group was 34.16, in post test. 8.68 and in follow up test 7.79 and, thus the difference was meaningful(p<0.01), whereas in the control group, this score, at first, was 34.05, in post test 34.53 and in follow up test 26.89, which did not show any meaningful difference. Consequently the cognitive behavior therapy causes to decrease the anxiety with enduring effect at first normal vaginal delivery. Therefore, this treatment is proposed to reduce the anxiety of first delivery women.

The Brugada syndrome (BrS) belongs to cardiac arrhythmia disorders that is seen on the echocardiogram bands and is a significant cause of sudden death in young adults. At the molecular level, mechanisms that contribute to BrS are mutations in genes that encode for ion channels. It has been reported that the activity of ion channels in cardiomyocytes is sensitive to ATP level. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between variations in mtDNA and the development of BrS. single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) was used for rapid screening of mtDNA mutations in CoxII, Cytb and tRNAGlu genes in a family with 5 patients and 15 sporadic patients. DNA fragments showing abnormal banding patterns were sequenced for identification of exact mutations. One new mutation (T8258C) was found in Cox II gene in family members that caused to change phenylalanine amino acid to leucine. In sporadic patients, three different new mutations were also found including a homoplasmic mutation (T14687C) in tRNAGlu gene, a heteroplasmic mutation (G14838A) and a homoplasmic C14766T mutation. Since the mitochondrion's ATP synthesis is important in heart and this mutation was not identified in control samples, it is possible that these mutations could constitute a predisposing factor that in combination with environmental factors may trigger in patients with BrS.:

After resistance and aerobic training session are decreased mean resting blood pressure. Therefore is expected that concurrent training session had additive effects on hypotension. The aim of this study was to investigate hemodynamic responses after aerobic training session (ATS), strength training session (STS), and concurrent training session (CTS) in untrained, overweight young men. Twelve healthy men (age: 25 ± 3.3 years, weight: 87.21 ± 2.1 kg, body mass index: 28.02 ± 1.4 kg.m-2) performed STS (3 sets, 10 repetitions at 80% 1RM for 8 exercise, including upper and lower limbs), ATS (50 minutes of running on treadmill exercise at 65% Heart rate reserve), and CTS (2 sets, 10 repetition at 65% 1RM for 6 exercise among those which composed the STS, plus 25 minutes of running on treadmill exercise at 65% Heart rate reserve) with 72 hours interval in counterbalanced crossover design. Blood pressure, heart rate and rate pressure product were measured before, and after the exercise. Systolic blood pressure in ATS was significantly lower than STS during 90 minutes after the exercise (p<0.05), and comparison to CTS the decrease was found significantly only at 15 minute (p<0.05). Although No difference was observed for diastolic blood pressure at between trials and any trial at any time. Heart rate in ATS was significantly lower than STS and CTS (p<0.05). Rate pressure product in STS was significantly upper than ATS and CTS (p<0.05). The results showed that CTS induced hypotension similar to ATS but it had additive effects compare to STS.