Anatomical Sciences Journal
Volume:10 Issue: 3, Summer 2013

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the foundation of spermatogenesis. New procedure such as sound wave especially low intensity ultrasound (LIUS) can be effective on increasing the number of cells. In this study, the effect of LIUS stimulation on mouse SSCs proliferation and colonization was investigated. Isolated SSCs from neonatal mice were cultured in DMEM culture medium with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). In the first phase of study, temperature controlled by LIUS of plate containing culture medium and in the next phase, SSCs stimulated by LIUS with 3 different Intensity doses (100, 200 and 300 mW/cm2) for 5 days and SSCs proliferation and colonization assessed at day 7. The LIUS treatment of mouse SSCs increased the proliferation and colonization of SSCs in experimental groups compared to the control group. The average of proliferation in 100, 200, 300 mW/cm2 and control group were 1.96 ± 0.03, 2.26 ± 0.03, 1.73 ± 0.03 and 1.66 ± 0.03, respectively. The average number of colonies in 100, 200,300 mW/cm2 and control group were 45 ± 1.2, 53 ± 2.4, 28 ± 1.2 and 20 ± 0.8, respectively. The average diameters of colonies in 100, 200, 300 mW/cm2 and control group were 235.3 ± 6.8 μm, 204.6 ± 12.3 μm, 203.6 ± 5.6 and 214.3 ± 9.1 μm, respectively. The results showed significant increase in proliferation rate and number of colonies in experimental groups compared to control group (P<0.05), whereas there were no significant difference between groups regarding to diameter of colonies. The results suggested that LIUS treatment can be an efficient and cost-effective method to improve the proliferation and colonization of SSCs during culture.

One of the most common reasons of infertility is un-ovulatory period. Hormone therapy is the most common treatments of this type of infertility. Gonadotropins may exert toxic effects on the molecular organization of uterine surface, such as glycoconjugates. Glycoconjugates are the most important components of the uterine and trophoblast surface playing an important role in embryo implantation. In this study, the effects of one of these gonadotropin hormones, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG), on glycoconjugates distribution of uterine epithelium (apical membrane, Golgi zone and basement membrane of rat endometrial cells) and uterine glands studied during implantation period. The mature female rats were selected and divided into two groups (Experimental, sham and Control). Experimental rats were injected with 10 I.U HCG intraperitoneally in estrus phase and mated with proven fertile male rats. The rats were sacrificed at 5.5 day of pregnancy (time of implantation) and their uteruses removed. The pregnant uterine tissues prepared histologically. Using WGA, DBA, PNA, ConA, SBA and UEA lectins, Lectin histochemistry was done. The intensity of the reactions to WGA in apical membrane and Golgi zone of the uterine epithelium were lower in HCG-treated group compared with the control group. After HCG treatment, uptake of DBA and UEA lectins by uterine glands was low. HCG led to modification of the uterine surface glycoconjugates and affected the content of these critical molecules involved in implantation. Therefore, HCG may also exert adverse impact on the fertility rate.

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases affecting chondrogenesis or the function of articular cartilage. The purpose of the present study was to find the effect of soybean extract on reduction of detoriation effects of oxidativestress in embryonic chondrogenesis in vitro. In order to separate ectoderm from mesenchyme, the limb buds of mouse embryos (12- 13days) removed and incubated in dispase. After separation, the limb bud rinsed and incubated in the trypsin. Adding culture media (DMEM/F12 contain 10% FBS) and pipetting, the limb buds were dissociated. The number of the cells adjusted to 1-2 ×107/mL. Superconfluent micro mass spotting of cell suspension in 96 well tissue culture plate were formed. After incubation for 1.5-2 h at 37 ºC and 5% CO2, the plate flooded with culture media. At day 5, different concentration of H2O2 and soybean extract added to fresh media and in order to induce oxidative stress, incubated for 24h. The cultures were stained with alcian blue to prove the cartilage Differentiation and alizarin red for calcium deposit. The results indicated that cell viability diminished by extract and H2O2 administration; although, the supplementation of the cells exposed to the oxidative stress with the extract improved cell proliferation rate. The soybean also improved the ossification and chondrification of the cells exposed to H2O2. The study demonstrated that soybean extract can reduce the effect of oxidative stress in embryonic chondrogenesis.

The implantation is a complex procedure that involves many molecules. One of these molecules is integrin specially αvβ3 which serves as receptor for components of extra cellular matrix to act as bridging molecules between the blastocyst and the endometrial surface during the implantation process. By blocking αvβ3 interactions, the implantation can be impaired. The endometrial biopsies obtained from the anterior wall of the uterine cavity of 12 women. Each biopsy divided into three pieces; one fixed in 10% neutrally buffered formaldehyde for light microscopy and immunofluorescent study. The second fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for immunogold electron microscopy and the third fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for scanning electron microscopy. Afterwards, the biopsies evaluated by immunofluorescent, immunogold and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that αvβ3 integrin express only on luminal surface epithelium and glandular epithelium of mid-luteal phase. Immunogold staining images in mid-luteal phase samples showed that αvβ3 integrin express on ciliated, non- ciliated (pinopdes) cells and junctional complexes. While, no reactivity observed on the endometrial surface, using the negative control antibody or in specimens incubated without primary antibody in any of the specimens. The results showed that αvβ3 integrin express only on luminal surface epithelium and glandular epithelium in the mid-luteal phase of human endometrium and it may play a key role during the process of the embryo implantation. Targeting integrins may provide a new avenue for the development of contraceptive technologies, and the loss of this integrin in certain infertility states may signify the presence of implantation defects that reduce cycle fecundity in women.

Date palm gemmule has been used in traditional medicine to improve the semen quality and treat infertility. Their components remedies those are rich of antioxidant and vitamins can influence spermatogenesis. The aim of this project was to evaluate the effects of date palm gommule water/alcoholic extract on reproductive tissues, sex hormone and sperm quality of rat. Seventy male rats were divided into 7 groups. Five experimental groups were treated with zero, 50, 100, 150 and 200mg/kg/body weight of date palm gemmule water/ alcoholic extract for 50 days. The controls was injected either busulfan or solvent. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken to perform hormone assay. The sperm samples were collected and count. The sperm motility and morphology were also measured. The smears were prepared and stained with acridin orange, aniline blue, eosin and chromycin A3. Morphmetrical analyses were performed to measure the seminiferous tubule diameter and the thickness of epithelium of ductus deferens and epididymis. The results indicated estradiol decreased significantly in the group was fed with 50 mg/kg/body weight per day and testosterone decrease in the groups treated with 100 and 150 mg/kg/day of extract. The percent of the sperm with good morphology and normal chromatin histone were increased significantly in a non-linear way (P<0.05). The extract also significantly (P<0.05) increased in seminiferous tubule diameter and epididymis epithelium thickness. In conclusion the components of extract improve the sperm chromatin quality as indicated by aniline blue staining and also the testis morphology and spermatogenesis as indicated by morphometric measurements and Johnson scoring technique respectively. Finally the results showed that the high dose of the extract showed the best protective effects against busulfan toxicity without decreasing in testosterone concentration in comparison to the other treated groups.”Keywords:

Failure of human body tissue and organs is believed to be one of the most important health problems all over the world. The great challenge for tissue engineers is to optimize suitable systems to separate, proliferate and differentiate the cells so that they can set out to create tissue by a harmonic 3-D growth. Therefore, the tissue engineers must provide an environment like the living cells environment. In this study, to increase efficiency, the nano fiber structure of poly lactic acid modified with glycosaminoglycan. Then the mesenchymal cells of bone marrow cultured on this 3-D structure with differentiated media culture of TGF-ß. To investigate differentiation, the genes expressed in cartilages tissue were used containing collagen gene, aggrecan and SOX9. The expression of gene confirmed by quality method of Reverse Transcriptase PCR then quantitatively examined by Real –Time PCR. The finding showed that using nano fiber scaffold of poly lactic acid modified with glycosaminoglycan leads to the increase of expression of cartilage gene. Our findings indicated that GAG/PCL Nano fiber scaffold enhances the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into cartilage.This can help to overcome the limitations of tissue engineering.

Renal Ischemia Reperfusion is considered to be one of the causes of acute renal failure (AKI). In addition, renal ischemia is an important incident usually occurs due to renal transplantion, repair of suprarenal aneurysm, hemorrhagic shock. A recent study reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important mediators of AKI. It seems essential to use antioxidant to decrease the effect of free radicals. The olive leaf extract (OLE) has an abundant antioxidant characteristic The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of olive leaf extract on the control of renal injuries caused by renal Ischemia-Reperfusion in an animal model. forty male Sprague-dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 equal groups: control, I/R+ 0.5 ml water by gavages, I/R+OLE in 3 different doses (25mg/kg, 50mg/kg, 100mg/ kg) once daily for 2 week, prior to I/R. The right and left pedicles clamped for 45 minutes (ischemia), followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Serum BUN and Creatinine were measured, and serum malondialdehyde(MDA) was determined, renal histologically parameters such as tubular necrosis, eosinophilic casts were studied semi quantitatively and tubular dilatation was measured by motic image plus 2 software, and renal antioxidant enzyme activity such as Glutathione was assessed. I/R group significantly increased serum Cr and BUN, serum MDA, and tubular necrosis, casts, tubular dilatation, and significantly decreased Glutathione compared with the control group. Pretreatment with OLE+I/R in 3 different doses significantly decreased tubular dilatation, tubular necrosis and casts, serum MDA, and increased Glutathione comparedwith the I/R group. But only 4 group significantly decreased serum Cr and BUN compared with the I/R group The findings showed that two week pretreatment of rats with OLE by gavages in its three doses (25mg/kg, 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg) can ameliorate renal injuries compared with I/R group. In order to consider the effects of all antioxidant of OLE in decreasing caused by I/R further researches recommended.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate anthropometric characteristics of weight, sitting & standing height, cormic index and BMI in the adult residents of Qazvin, Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 300 adult inhabitants aged 18-55 years (180 males and 120 females) of Qazvin, Iran were evaluated. The participants were selected randomly and without any physical deformities or any previous history of trauma. Measurements were performed in an anatomical position. Their mean±SD weight was 72.64±11.03 and 66.53±9.48 kg, mean±SD standing height was 171.41±5.33 and 158.24±5.2 cm, mean±SD sitting height was 90.22±4.04 and 86.24±2.45 cm, mean±SD cormic index was 52.51±2.07 and 54.52±1.57 cm and mean±SD BMI was 24.67±3.2 and 26.57±3.64 in males and females, respectively. The result of the present study showed that the mean dimensions of weight, sitting height and BMI parameters were higher than the most of other accomplished studies.