فصلنامه مطالعات بین المللی پلیس
پیاپی 14 (تابستان 1392)

Context and Human trafficking, a crime which undermines the human rights and dignity, is growing rapidly and no country is safe in the path of this juggernaut. Abundant proceeds of this crime has been tantalizing for transnational criminal groups to enter this field. This paper is seeking to study the backgrounds to sanction of this law, and Iran's penal policy towards human trafficking. The objective of this paper is practical. The literature review has been piled up by library-based methods from original text-books, domestic papers, internet websites, and internal and international laws. Before the Islamic Revolution, Iran's penal policy on this crime was bounded only to approbation of some international conventions and sanctions of a few laws. While after the revolution, there were many developments in this field; the most important of which has been the endorsement of the new law against human trafficking in 2004, which is originated from international acts, media and public pressures. Human trafficking is where human rights, penal laws, migration laws, and work-force laws become interconnected; and this makes it difficult to thoroughly study this crime and put policies to tackle them. Human trafficking is a great threat to human rights and dignity. The punishments which have been defined in the law approved in 2004 are not compatible with crimes. And not enough supports have been included in the law for the victims.

Context and By ever-increasing commitment of white-collar crime and with regard to characteristics and features of these kind of crime, all of countries were convinced these crime need special criminal policy subjects of white-color crime and to non-criminal prevention subject, criminal prevention is also important in the manner that in the several conventions, especially Merida and Palermo connections, governments have lead to penal solutions like surveying and studying new illegal economical activities, applying especial goals in penal prevention (rehabilitation, specific inhabitation, debilitation) of white-collar crime. The present essay uses analytic-descriptive method and library references. On this basis, penal prevention in the judicial system of Iran like other countries, has been taken into consideration and many proofs of white-collar crime have been criminalized and in this way and concurrent with other countries and by observance to convention laws, Islamic penalty act enacted in 1392 for anticipation of penalties, somehow has been addressed the global changes with regard to these kind of penalties & confrontation to crime of white collars. In confrontation to crime of white-collars in comparison to other crime it is possible to use more penal measures; policy of international documents also shows this kind of criminal policy in confrontation to this type of crime.

Context and Competency of countries at investigation to committed crime in a flyer airplane is one of the controversial subjects in penal rights. Generally, this essay tries to answer to this question that the judiciary of which country has authority to investigate committed crime in a flyer airplane. Whether the country who has control-over airplane or the country that the crime has been committed in her aerial space. This essay is written with documentaries method and using references of library. Findings of research show none of conventions and internal laws doesnt have any obvious and unique principles and rules about having authority of court in committed crime in a flyer airplane; hence there is a vital need to ratify identical laws and rules in aerial rights domain either at international level or inside the country that is in same direction with international laws. At the present time, in the international rights and also domestic rights domain, territorial floating authority has been accepted as the first principle at investigation to aerial crime, but there are gross disparities among countries in relating to determination of the authorize court for investigating of aerial crime.

Context and Tribunal court will only address the cases that have been sent the complaint to tribunal court during 6 months in maximum from last started decision in the internal authorities. The 6 months limitation is of the orders of the tribunal court and its purpose is to finalize the verdicts which given in the internal authorities and also to litigate in the reasonable time table. Litigants have possibility to cut the elapse of 6 months by preliminary letter and to litigate by a reasonable time table in the tribunal court. Mentioning the last decision of internal authorities means conventional and common process of investigation of the tribunal court, not especial and exceptional verdicts of courts like restore hearing. The essay utilizes analytical-descriptive method and uses the references of library by using indexing method. According to the process of European tribunal court of human rights, every complaint has its specific 6 months moratorium. The provided complaints which are presented out of the 6 months period, would be merely addressed the preliminary letter which has been sent to the tribunal court during 6 months interval. The purpose of ratifying the elapsing of the period of 6 months, Is to support internal authorities, observing the principles rights of definiteness of verdicts and because by passing the time, many of proofs would be lost and possibility worthy of consideration is taken away, the tribunal court would be merely addressed the litigations which have been presented at this delimited time. By this action the tribunal court could have both appropriate judgment and lessens measures of its workload.

Context and The new generation of international courts which are called dual courts, including internal international judges who exert national and international rights at the same time. The current paper tries to answer to 2 substantial questions: 1.Which place do dual courts stand in the international penal system and which classification could they have? 2.What characteristics dual courts do have? This paper uses documentary research and library references. Determining the sense, explanation, position and divisions of dual courts are the main findings of this paper, next, the main characteristics of these kinds of courts have been surveyed. The findings of the research show that the new generation of dual courts consists of international courts and pretty extensive ranges of internal courts will be changed to international courts to form internal international courts. Discovering different dimensions of dual courts needs obvious classification. These courts have many hyper specifics than compound courts formed from internal and international sections. So that flexibility and standardization of internal laws, of among most important characteristics of these new generation of international courts.

The present essay is looking for answering to this question that what is the impact of cyber terrorism on national security of I.R. of Iran. these days the increase of cyber-space has caused appearing of virtual borders; hence having realistic understanding of these security threats is depends on paying attention to software factors which in fact are connecting links between security milieu of countries and their hardwares. Therefore variant interpreting from sense of national security especially in its classic since in this space has been challenged. Hencefore, One of the main subjects of security threats in age of communication and globalization for countries especial Iran, in consideration to regional and hyper regional competitive space and subjects like nuclear program and soon should be taken into account in the cyber and virtual space and with computer viruses and other cyber crisis making. One of the obvious cases is cyber attacks on Iran's nuclear electronic Installations by Staxnet virus as a first stable cyber attack by U.S. against another country. The writers of this paper at the end give solutions for confrontation to phenomenon of cyber attack against national security.

Context and Today the scope of security of countries doesnt limit to its extensive domestic borders rather, because of development of technology, facilitated situation of transportation the borders get less important. Many offenders would escape from borders of their crime committed location and would prevent observance of law against them. So with regards to importance of extradition of offenders as one of the ways to develop the security and justice in of levels of national and international, the purpose of present study is to discover the existence difficulties and hindrances in this path providing ways for optimization existent development of extradition of offenders. The present essay uses practical research is descriptive. Moreover, in order to analyzing the gathered information and extracting strategies, this essay uses comprehensive frame work in complication of strategy. Studies show that cases in which these are juridical/ legal hindrances and defection in present laws. Less coordination between authorities of extradition of offenders, absence of contracts with many countries, especial and long bureaucracy ceremonies in process of extradition of offenders, are of main hindrances of Iran's Interpol in expedition of this process. According to obtained results, one of the effective factors in extradition of offenders is having mutual amity with other countries. Therefore, getting strategies like sign/make/have a of mutual or multilateral contracts of extradition of offenders between Iran's Interpol and other members, and also, developing coordination between judiciary, ministry of foreign Affairs police force along side with developing political relations with countries, will be stepping stone for optimization of extradition of offenders.