نشریه ورزش و علوم زیست حرکتی
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 8، پاییز و زمستان 1391)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise with dehydration on appetite and food preference in sedentary men. Eight healthy untrained men (age 24.25±2.05 year, BMI 21.62±1.89 kg.m2) voluntarily participated in this study. Each subject attended the exercise physiology laboratory 3 times during 3 consecutive weeks, at 9:00 a.m. and after 12-h overnight fasting. Subjects completed a visual analogue scales questionnaire for assessment of their appetiteand macronutrient preference, before and 10 minute after 80 minute running at 60% maximum heart rate, 80 minute exercise at 60% maximum heart rate with dehydration and 80 minute rest.The body weight of the subjects was measured each time before and immediately after 80 min of exercise or rest. One-way analysis of variance was used to measure the differences between groups performance and paired t-tests were used to campare variables before and after each session. Subjects lost 0.51±0.05 kg of their body mass after dehydration due to exercise in comparison to rest and exercise group. The 80 minute exercise or dehydration due to exercise didnot have significant effect on hunger, satiety and fullness of the participants. The desire to eat was suppressed after exercise compared to after control (p<0.05) periods. Also, preference forliquid carbohydrates was higher in the dehydration group due to exercise than the other groups (p<0.05). It can be concluded that exercise can induce a short-term reduction desire to eat. Moreover, it could be claimed that exercise with dehydration induces a short-term increase in macronutrient preference of liquid carbohydrates.

Despite the well-established exercise effects on monocarboxylate transportes (MCTs), the triggers of these changes still remains unknown. The objective of the present study was to investigate the long-term effects of seven-week endurance training on MCT1 and MCT4 gene expression of Soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and their correlation with basigin (CD147) gene expression.

Twenty male wistar rats (173.1 – 208.4 g) were randomly divided in two equal control and training groups according to their body weight. Endurance training (start with 20m/min, or 20 min and progressively increase to 30 m/min, for 35 min) was applied to the training group for seven weeks. 48 hours after the final session of training, the rats were sacrificed andsoleus and EDL were extracted immediately. MCT1 and MCT4 gene expression were measured by Real time-PCR technique and relative expression of each gene was calculated by 2 –ΔΔCT method. Between-group variance was determined by independent t-test and Pearson Coefficient Correlation was used for the determination of significant correlation between variables.

Significant increase (% 47) in EDL MCT1 expression (p < 0.05), 19 percent in EDL MCT4 expression (p < 0.05) were found in trained animals in comparison to control group. CD147 expression in trained animals remained unchanged in EDL and had significant increase (% 21) in soleus muscle in comparison to control group. Significant correlation was only found for Soleusmuscle between MCT1 and CD147.

The findings of the study illustrate that exercise – induced increase in MCT1 and MCT4 expression is partially modulated by transcriptional mechanisms and occur in isoform – specific manner. The CD147 expression is correlated with tissue oxidative capacity and regulates the MCT1 expression.

Background and Recently high intensity interval training (HIIT) has become an interesting study field for research. However, few studies have been conducted in this domain.Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on some cardiovascular indices, anaerobic power output, jumping andsprint performances in active female students. 20 female students of physical education voluntarily participated as subjects for the study. Subjects were randomly divided into experimental and control groups The pretests including estimating VO2max, resting blood pressure, restingheart rate, power output with RAST and Wingate test, 20 meter sprinting, and height of squat jump and countermovement jump were taken in one week. Then, the experimental group wasexposed to 2 weeks of HIT for 5 days per week in addition to their routine physical activities. After 48 hours of the last training session, post-tests were administered in both groups. To analyzethe data, independent T-test with a significance level of p 0.05 was used. Our findings showed significant increases in VO2max, peak, average and minimum power on RAST test and a significant reduction in sprinting time (p<0.05). However, resting blood pressure, resting heart rate, power output with Wingate test, height of squat jump and countermovement jump and also leg elasticity index did not significantly change after training. According to results of the present study, it seems that two weeks high intensity interval training can be effective for improving VO2max, sprint performance and increasing anaerobic power in a short time for sports in which running is essential.

Since wrestling is accompanied with maximal effort and entails a great deal of pulmonary respiration during training and competition, bronchoconstriction causes functionallyphysical capacity in wrestlers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of respiratory tract obstruction in professional Greco wrestlers. For this reason, 20 Wrestlers (age 49/3 ± 62/22 years, height 85/8 ± 02/176 cm, weight 45/14 ± 10/79 kg, VO2max 40/4 ± 77/47 ml / kg / min) who engaged in professional wrestling for at least seven years were selectively and purposefully screened. Strand treadmill test was used as a test of maximal activity. Postexercise spirometry test was performed in 1, 5, 15, 30 time points after stopping the exercise test. The results showed that FEV1 in 1, 5, 15 and 30 minutes decreased respectively 3/2, 6/5, 2/8 and 4/6 percents and FEF25-75 decreased 1/4, 1/8, 5/11 and 2/9 percents. A decrease of 7/3, 8/7, 7/9 and 7/6 percentswas also observed in PEF. Our findings suggest that the greatest amount of decrease occurred at 5 and 15 minutes after exercise.The prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in the study population was 15%, while the prevalence of EIB in the athlete population varies from 11% to 55%. Relativebronchospasm in this study may be due to the intensity and duration of exercise as well as environmental factors among wrestlers.

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of caffeine supplement ingestion on Free Fatty Acid (FFA) and lactate (LA) in young wrestlers after specific interval exercise. 24 wrestlers were selected with the averages of age (20 ±2.8 yrs), weight (68.54±7.88 kg) through questionnaire and interview and were randomly divided into 3 groups each having 8 members. Subjects participated in a two-phase specific interval activity protocol (before and after caffeine ingestion) with 48 h rest between them. The first group performed specific interval activity in 6 minute, but the second group performed two phases of specific interval activity in 6 minute with an hour active recovery between them. The third group performed the same activity in three phases. Blood samples were taken in two phases (before and after caffeine ingestion), each phase in three steps (immediately after three phases of test). The data were analyzed through one way ANOVA and LS in significant level P≥ 0.05. Results showed non-significant increase in FFA and blood lactate in the three groups with the exception of lactate changes in the first group as compared to the pre-test. According to the results of this study, it could be concluded that caffeine supplement can not affect FFA, lactate and metabolisms in wrestlers. Therefore, caffeine can not increase fat lipolize and can not affect lactate accumulation in wrestlers.

Visfatin is a protein that secretes from adipose tissue. Previous studies have shown a direct relationship between plasma visfatin and type 2 diabetes but the effect of exercise training on the level of this hormone in the body is yet unknown. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate plasma visfatin changes and metabolic indices response to aerobic training in type 2 diabetes women. 40 women with type 2 diabetes (age 58/33±/26 y, and body mass index 32/25±3/69) were selected by avilable and purposive sampling and subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups. 20 subject were assigned to aerobic training group (12 weeks, 3 days/week, 20-50 min/days, 60-80% maximum heart rate) and 20 subject were were assigned to control group (who did not participate in any exercise program). Blood samples were collected for assess plasma visfatin, insulin, HbA1c, glucose, TG, TC, HDL, LDL levels before and after 12 weeks of the training regimen, and the data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 21, with a p value of <0/05 as statistically significant. Data analysis showed that 12 weeks aerobic training decreased visfatin, glucose, HbA1c, TG, CHOL, LDL-c levels. Also, there was a significant decrease in body weight, body mass index, body fat percent and waist-hip ratio in the experimental group as compared with the control group. The exercise-induced reduction of plasma visfatin is most likely the result of decrease in anthropometric and glycemic indices and improvement of the lipid profile.

Introduction and Nowadays the use of herbal supplements to prevent free radicals has become more prevalent. This study was performed to determine the effect of short-term garlic supplementation on lipid peroxidation after exhaustive exercise in non-athlete men. Twenty male non-athletes (aged 21.05±1.35 years, weight 67.15±7.30 kg and height 179.2±6.92 cm and BMI 22.02±2.95 kg/m2) were assigned to two equal supplement and placebo groups in a randomized and double-blind design (500mg/day garlic or dextrose for 14 days). After supplementation, all participants participated in Bruce test. The blood samples were taken in three phases (before and after the supplementation and after the exercise). The data (Mean ± SD) were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA, Bunferoni and independent t-test (P≤0.05). The results showed that the effect of measurement stages was not significant for the garlic group (F=1.923 p =.175). However, a significant difference was observed for the control group (F=60.321 p=0.000). The result of Post Hoc test indicated that there was a significant difference between stage 2 and stage 3 of the experiment. Therefore, it was found that short term garlic supplementation did not have any effect on basal MDA index in plasma. But this supplementation could reduce pos- exercise MDA increase. Discussion and Results of the study indicate that garlic supplementation can reduce lipid damage due to severe physical exercise. However, since few studies have been conducted in this area, more research is needed.

This study was done to investigate the effects of one session exhaustive aerobic activity on changes of salivary immunoglobulin A and total protein in adolescent recreational athletes. This study was of type semi-empirical research. Subjects included 20 male adolescent athletes, 14 year old, healthy volunteers who were justified as to the goals and methodology of the study. The subjects were randomly divided into two aerobic (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. For aerobic activity the shuttle run test was used, the control group did not have any physical exercise during the investigation. Saliva samples were collected before and immediately after shuttle run test. The data were analyzed using variance analysis with repeated measures Comparison of pre-test and post-test aerobic exercise group showed that there was no significant change in salivary IgA concentration(P>0/05), However, the salivary total protein(P<0/001) increased and the salivary ratio IgA to total protein(P<0/001) decreased significantly. Changes IgA, total protein and IgA relative to total protein in saliva did not show a significant difference between the aerobic and control groups. According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that short duration exhaustive aerobic activity has no significant effect on muscosal immunity of adolescents and do not have destructive effects on them. Thus, it is recommended that coaches and physical education teachers prescribe these activities for adolescents with low intensity.

Today, Cold Water Immersion has developed among athletes for recovery speed. With respect to the significance of heat stress and HSP70 in physiological adaptations as wellunspecified HSP70 Plasma response under these circumstances, this study was conducted to survey the effect of Water Immersion of varying temperature during resistance exercise on plasma level of heat shock protein 70 (eHSP70) in male rats. 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats (8-weeks) were assigned randomly to 1- Control group (CON; n=8, 208.5±7.98), 2- Resistance exercise group (RE; n=8, 209.66±9.66), 3-Resistance exercise+ Moderate Water Immersion group (Re+MWI) and 4- Resistance exercise+ Cold Water Immersion group (Re+CWI) groups. The resistance training consisted of climbing (5 reps/3 sets) a ladder (120 Cm) carrying a load (%50 body weight) suspended from the tail. At rest intervals between sets and at the thrid set (2 minute immersion+ 2 minute Rest), rats in group 3 and 4 were immersed in a container of water with 27°C and 14°C, respectively. Immediately after euthanasia (24 h after the training session) blood samples (1.5 ml) were collected via tail vein and plasma samples were separated after allowing blood to clot on ice. Plasma was stored frozen at -80°C for analysis. The data was analyzed with One-Way ANOWA method at 0/05 level of significance and plasma eHSP70 levels were evaluated with ELISA method. Results showed that eHSP70 incremental response in Re+MWI group and moderate water immersion group (12.28±0.43) was significantly greater than the control group(10.59±0.40). The incremental response was also higher in the two other experimental groups compared to the control group but it was not statistically significant. Based on findings of the present study, MWI (27 °C) during resistance exercise or sbusequently, induces eHSP70 incremental response. If the findings of this study could be generalized to future studies on human participants, it could be suggested for athletes in fields such a wrestling and weightlifting (with strength quality and a need to increase muscular proteincontent).

Introduction and ABCG1 protein is a membrane transporter is a key intermediary in the delivery of cholesterol from lipid-rich macrophages to apo-lipoprotein A. Which is one of the steps in reverse cholesterol transport body and final step in the prevention of atherosclerosis. ABCG1 Increased expression may prevent the formation of lipid-rich macrophages and consequently reduce the risk of atherosclerosisABCG1 transporter is responsible for making and forming of HDL particles and therefore probably plays a crucial role in preventionof Coronary artery diseases. The purpose of the present study The effect of twelve weeks of aerobic training on ABCG1 Gene expression in inactive obese women. 36 healthy women participated in this study and randomly assigned to control group (n=18) and experimental group (with an average age of 30- 35, BMI >30) (kg/m2)). Exercise program involved a12-week training with intensity of 65-75% of reserve heart rate done three days per week in one session of 55-60 minute period. Blood samples werecollected 48 hours before the first session and 48 hours after the last session (subjects were fasting). ABCG1 gene expression was measured using semi-quantitative-RT-PCR. Data were analyzed by t- test software. data analysis showed that expression of ABCG1 m- RNA was significantly increased following a single-session exercise in exercise group in Compared with the control group. It can be concluded aerobic exercise increases the expression of mRNA ABCG1 gene on in inactive Obese Women, and be effective in prevention of cardiovascular disease.