فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی
سال شانزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 61، پاییز 1392)

The concept of justice is discussed mainly in relation to freedom and equality. This article tries to show the correspondence level of justice with security and the benefits of justice in decreasing differences, and establishment of order rule of law in society. The main question of article is that “what is the relation between social justice and national security?” By relation, we mean the similarities and differences, priority of security or justice, benefits of justice to national security, the role of state in justice and security and it’s relation with state’s neutrality and equality. Findings and core arguments are discussed in different parts of article

Since security and justice are both among the top virtues of human society, makes it difficult to prefer one of them in positions of conflict or to explain their relationship. In this article, author first defines both concepts and then explains possible positions of practical and theoretical conflict between them. Security based and justice based approaches are two classical ways of solving the conflicts. Author argues that Islamic approach which is based on interaction between justice and security has more explanatory power to solve the positions of conflict. According to this approach we should separate justice and security aspects (function and fundamental). By this separation we find that justice and security in linear function (security function with justice function or security fundamentals with justice fundamentals) don’t have any conflicts. But in cross terms (security function with justice fundamentals or security fundamentals with justice functions) we can consider conflicts. Albeit, in this situation naturally functions have priority over fundamentals.

National security and criminal justice are conflictual concepts. So their connection is discussed based on their functions. Although criminal justice is derived from morality and natural law, but after emergence of state its concept has been changed. In its essence criminal justice was based on recompense, but in today’s criminal law it is based on interest seeking. From this view it can be argued that criminal justice has approached to national security. Changes like spreading delinquencies in national security arena, which in turn intensifies criminal actions and consequently security measures, makes criminal justice an unbalanced standard for state and individuals. Author argues that national security concerns have formed this unbalanced position. While National security concerns cause it to be dynamic in its function, in turn make in past-faced in its goals

The main question of this article is that “while there is spreading economic critics of egalitarianism economic justice policies, why numerous governments follow this policy? “The hypothesis argues that national security concerns are determined factors in pursuit of these economic policies by governments. Since discrimination and relative deprivation are negative factors in national security states value economic justice. The more discrimination will form the more challenges against political regime and national integration. Nevertheless, discrimination feeling is not confined to deprived people, but affluent class also can feel discriminated and challenge national security.

Geographical environment is the context of interaction among economic, social and natural structures. Environmental justice is the junction point of interaction and balance among geographical environment, justice and security. Environmental justice as a pervasive approach toward inequalities assumes that units of society (individuals) aside from their biological and ideological differences should be protected against environmental impacts of unequal economic and social arrangements. Since justice is the backbone of security, Existing data shows that spatial inequalities which are derived from inefficiency of distribution system in forming equal opportunities are important factors in social crisis and environmental insecurity. During recent decades, forming appropriate situation to fulfill individual’s demands has been inevitable because of positive approach toward security. So that environmental justice who has geographical, social and political aspects, beside positive approach toward security can improve public opportunity equalities, securing civil rights and sustainable security.

This article tries to discuss this question that “how Islamic discourse define and conceptualize critical concepts of security and justice”? Authors believe that any answer to this question must be based on religious nature of Islamic discourse and its effort to fill the gap between justice and security. From Islamic point of view, while discrimination and injustice can make insecurity in national, international and global arena, justice in domestic and international arrangements could make security in all levels of analysis.

This article tries to discuss status of justice and dialogue in practices of international security. The main question is that “how can dialogue make a more just international security? Realism, liberalism and constructivism can explain the status of dialogue. The process of globalization and emergence of fundamentalism has entered dialogue into theory and practice. In other words, dialogue and globalization have mutual relationship, which means that globalization could strengthen dialogue and dialogue helps globalization process. From other point of view, dialogue and justice in practice through communicative action and tolerance which are based on rationality, can exclude fundamentalism. This article first reviews genealogy of dialogue and justice then explains their status in international security using international theories. The last section explores this article’s relation with globalization and fundamentalism.