فصلنامه مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان
سال هفتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 28، تابستان 1392)

Teymour’s successor’s period of ruling should be regarded as the time when libraries were at the zenith of their success and magnificence. Since the production of books and the establishment of libraries, before the invention of printing, were heavily dependent upon the spread of writing and calligraphy. So, whenever people and chiefs of the government paid attention to writing and calligraphy, books and libraries flourished. The unique feature which strengthened this issue was the continuation of this significance and glory throughout Teymourian period all over the Iran and especially Khorasan. Among the reasons of growth and flourishing of libraries is the use of libraries and books by researchers and writers to compile and collect their works. The majority of these works were written by the commission of the rulers and libraries practitioners. Among the most eminent writers and scholars who worked in Teymouri›s rulers› libraries were Khand Amir, Sharafoddin Ali Yazdi and Ghiasoddin Jamshid Kashani, to mention but a few.

Between the written works and compiling of Birjand’s scholars, we can see some pamphlets and books with the titles of Ajvabeh. The Ajvabeh of Birjand’s scholars which include the questions of religious, legal, judicial, economical and social discussions and also replies which scholars have given to these questions are important from different aspects. Besides the importance of Ajvabeh as a heritage of religious culture, these kinds of works involve outstanding historical, sociological and political information. Regarding to the importance of the contents of these Ajvabeh, the present article on the base of library studies and in reliance to the valuable documents and handwritten manuscript has been searched to investigate and evaluate the portion of the scholars’ Ajvabeh of the region in the studies of local history. In this study Akund Mullah Ali Khorashadi, Akund Mullah Mohammad Hasan Herdangi, Sheikh Mohammad Bager Ayati Gazari has been selected which both have contained Ajvabeh and also are among distinguished persons between the scholars in the respect of solving and settling religious matters and sociological status.

The county of Boshruyeh is located in the northwest of the south khorasan which from the view of natural location the north and the south of it has been encompassed of salt desert and Loot desert, the east of it sandy mounds and dune hills and its west carried the camel-liked mountains respectively. For the first time, natural historians and itinerary writers, such as, Moghaddasi and Naser khosro have pointed to this realm in 4 and 5 lunar centuries. During accomplished archeological study in the solar year 1391, the collection of 165 historic works has been identified and introduced that contained lots of variety. These works consist of historic forts, old houses, watchtowers, reservoirs, lavers, mosques, bridges, caravanserais, mills and historical spaces. Among them the historical space Krend, with the antiquity of Ashkanid era has counted as the oldest historic work. Also, the Castle of Dokhtar of Reghe and the Bridge of Ternav, which part of these works belongs to the Sassanid era are among the fine and illustrated works of this county. Mostly, the Boshruye’s archeological works has been estblished in the middle ages and recent Islamic era. According to the historial texts and the archeological evidences, Boshruye was in the path of caravan of Yazd to holy Mashhad and this path has meet a lot of pilgrims from Imam Reza’s (peace be upon to him) sanctuary annually. So, the two big and fine caravanserais in company with enormous size of reservoirs, lavers can be seen in this county which has been developed in conformity with the needs of the natives and pilgrims. In this research field and library methods with improbable samplings has been used.

The art of Weaving in Torbat e Jam is known with the name of Fort-weaving (Traditional cloth Weaving) or cloth-weaving with its simple and various designs related to that area. Although Fort-weaving is not known much like the Yazd›s silk-weaving, Neyshabour›s Bard-weaving and Gilan›s Gelimcheh-weaving throughout the Country, it is known greatly in this area and is included among the domestic occupations which plays a significant role in the establishment of employment for women and is done with an elementary machine which is made of inhabitants surrounding devices. This investigation aims at describing and investigating this separated and unknown area of today›s Torbat e Jam and the former Boozhgan or Boozgan. An arid and desert-like land which has grown accustomed to the humming of ruthless winds, but its indefatigable inhabitants has strived hard with nature and at time of ingeniousness has produced startling pictures. In this study, through interview with the weavers, it was found that Fort-weaving dates back to several hundred years ago and in the course of their growth and evolution, the agricultural and pastoral life of the people who earned their living through their own products improved gradually and found its place in economic, artistic, literary and other aspect of people›s life and became an indispensible part of these people life. Since accounts of Fort-weaving is not included in written research resources, this issue add to the difficulty of the study, however, the how of weaving, maps designs, a detailed description of Fort-weaving machine is based on pictures, photographs taken, as well as its relation to literature and local songs-by rural women- and its effect on the economy of rural families and difficulties and harmful elements on this art, accompanied by suggestions for the permanence of Fort-weaving discussed and studied.

Teymour Goorkani and his scions were paying great attention to the prosperity of the cities and built long-standing and sumptuous relics. Although they paid greater attention to the prosperity of some cities, other areas were not regarded that much. After Timor’s death, attacks of the rulers› descendants and Ghara-ghoyonlo and Agh-ghoyonlo Turks destroyed the political stability of Iran›s government. Timori’s Ruling System who was oppressive at times left a harmful effect on people’s social life, especially in Khorasan area. But in times of peace and solace, some of the small areas, such as Torbat e Jam in Khorasan was given special consideration by the Timurids and benefited from good economic growth. The social conditions of this region also improved concomitantly. However, Neyshabour which was larger and more important than Torbat e Jam received less attention by Timoris› rulers. Due to the occurrence of two earthquakes, Neyshabour›s economic and social growth was lesser than that of Torbat e Jam. Among the reasons for the choice of this comparative study between Neyshabour and Torbat e Jam are: lack of political stability after Timor›s death, ruler›s oppressing the people, public utility measures taken by the Timurdis, Neyshabour and Torbat e Jam abilities and features in economic and social conditions in 9th and 10th centuries. The methods used in this study are Historical and field, which the latter one is used for the examination of historical relics in Timurids era.

Culture in macro level is a specific discussion of organizational fields and also in the micro level, its study in school level is ponderable. The result of this knowledge is the promotion of the insight of headmasters for fulfilling of educational goals by the use of the role of culture. On this base, the purpose of this present research is the comparison of organizational culture of ordinary and brilliant talented high schools of the city of Birjand based on Denison pattern. This research is a kind of comparative-descriptive and applicable research. First, for selecting statistical community from among the ordinary schools of the city one boys’ high school and one girls’ high school has been selected objectively. Statistical community were formed from 65 individuals of schoolteachers of ordinary high schools and 75 individuals schoolteachers of brilliant talented of high schools. The sample size of statistical community by use of Korjesi and Morgan table was estimated 46 and 55 individuals respectively. The tools for collecting data were Denison’s standard questionnaire which its stability was evaluated by the use of the Cronbakh’s Alfa coefficient (84/0). The findings of research showed that both of the schools enjoyed a favorite culture. From the four components of the patterns under study, the average of 3 cultural components “involving in job ’”compatibility” and “message” in schools of brilliant talented were more significant (p<0/05). But the average of component “associability” had no meaningful difference in 2 groups. (p=/13). Also, the difference of the average of cultural indicators in relation with prepotency making, team trending, fundamental values, adaptation, harmony and solidarity, goals and objects, intention and direction of guideline except of client based indexes (p=0/230),extension of abilities,(p 0/07),making change(p=0/46), organizational learning,(p=0/0) and perspective(p 0/07),has been meaningful among the schools(p=o/o).

This research has been accomplished with the purpose of familiarity to life skills and its influence on the social joy of students of training tutor centers of Birjand. The statistical society research of all students of the tutor training centers of Imam Sajjad and Shahid Bahonar in Birjand city were 438 people in the year of 89-90 which two groups of 39 people were selected randomly as a sample. The data of research obtained by the use of standard Shadkami(hapeness) questionnaire of Oxford and established scale of research of life skills. This exam has been made by Michal Argael and based on Beck’s Afsordegi() questionnaire (BDI, 1976). The methods of descriptive-deduction statistic were used in the analyzing of data. The results show that the familiarity with life skills is effective on the happiness of students (p<0/001). The results of T- test indicated that there is a meaningful difference between the results of before and after holding workshop in the testing group who participated in the workshop of life skills. As a result it can be say that the familiarity with life skills is effective in increasing the student’s happiness.