فصلنامه طب و تزکیه
سال بیست و دوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 89، زمستان 1392)

Keller (1993) has been defined brand image as “perceptions about a brand as reflected by the brand association held in consumer memory”. These associations refer to any brand aspect within the consumer’s memory. This research aimed to survey 2 public and private hospital’s brand image and compare them. This is a descriptive، applied research that was done trough cross-sectional method. The study was quantitative in nature and used the responses of 420 hospital customers who answered the survey questionnaire about 2 public and private hospitals. Data analysis was performed using SPS 16 software. Based on the research findings، Shahid Sadoughi hospital has an apathetic image in the mind of consumers but Mortaz hospital acquired a positive image in the citizens’ memory. We can conclude that effective interventions to restoration of public hospitals brand image are inevitable.

on view of religion، situational effects of halal and haram foods on human body and spirit are inevitable. Although these effect is not the whole cause of human and society bless and cruelty; however، are main predisposing cause of human and society ascent and descent. According to this fact that youth is a considerable section of Iran population and about 4 millions of young people are university students that will become future expert and director and main motivational force of society; their attitude could have significant role in development، evolution and social health. As we noted above and in order to fundamental planning to increase student knowledge about halal and haram situational effects، their attitudes is essential. According to Imam Khomeini guidance that «University is the origin of all evolutions»، it is necessary to study university students as future expert of society. Thus، this research performed to study students'' attitude to halal and haram situational effects. This study was a cross-sectional one and probability random sampling was used. Samples were 156 students of IUMS that their attitude was studied with a questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS 18 and Chronbach coefficient was 0. 76. In this survey، 76. 6% of participants agreed that halal food had effect on individual and family economic issues and on the other hand، 5. 8% disagreed. In regard to halal food effect on individual commitment about god obligations implementation، halal or haram food consumption of parents on behavioral and moral aspects of child and effect of halal food consumption on prayer acceptance، 80. 8%، 82. 7% and 63. 3% agreed to these phrases respectively. Also، in regard to diet effect on mood and social behavior، the effect of halal and haram food on truth acceptance and individual commitment about social regulations and illegality of property obtained by usury، 82. 1%، 68. 5، 63. 6% and 80. 1% agreed respectively. The results showed that the attitude of most of the student about situational effects of halal and haram foods was close to the religion''s view.

The field of rheumatology is relatively new and young in comparison to other related medical fields. I decided to do this study because، there was not any study regarding the Rheumatic diseases in Iranian Traditional Medicine. The Iranian Traditional Medicine opinions regarding the rheumatic diseases were obtained and summarized from the following books: the Canon of Medicine، Zakhireh-i Kharazmshahi، Al-Aghraz al- Tibbia val Mabahess al-Alaii، Ghanooncheh،، Hidayat al- Mutialimin، Khafi Alayee. In articular diseases it was believed that the cause is humors and dripping the drop in painful joints، sexual excesses، and so on predisposed to joint involvement. In traditional medicine the bone and joint diseases were divided to limited types، such as pain in joints، gout، back pain، sciatica and kyphosis. Management of muscuskeletal disorders was based on consumption of plants to stop humors and evacuation methods such as purging، vomiting، duresis and some procedures such as bleeding and dietetics. In Iranian Traditional medicine، rheumatic diseases were divided into limited types and most of these disorders were unknown.

Background and Background and Job analysis can be considered to determine the essential characteristics of a job in order to prepare a job description. This study was conducted to Survey of organizational titles variety on Tabriz University of Medical Sciences، in order to Uniformity & Integration of Similar organizational posts titles. In this qualitative study، all of organizational posts titles on Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were revised and resurveyed by experts and specialists (using focus group discussions). Content analysis method was used to for data analysis. Based on these study results، the variety of organizational posts titles in the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were reduced from 760 to 365. The result of the present study reported that the number of organizational posts titles has decreased by 48%. Due to the considerable Reduction of organizational posts titles on Tabriz University of Medical Sciences it seems that Implementation of the results of this study could lead to the following changes: • Personnel writ issuance will be Simplification. • Codification of job descriptions for organizational positions would be faster and comfortable. • Unnecessarily organizational titles will be removed. This study developed a practical model for codification of organizational posts titles for Medical Sciences Universities.

Since ancient times، medicinal plants have been considered as valuable sources of medicine and some texts in ancient books point to the topic. Nowadays، the extensive use ofmedicinal plants and their derived compounds have also an important position. In the current paper، the necessity and importance of studying and researching on plants considered in the holy Quran، hadiths، and valuable sources of traditional medicine are addressed. For this purpose، holy Quran as well as general interpretation books and traditional and new medicine textbooks were used as references. In some verses in the holy Quran، man is asked to look at his surrounding nature، including plant with more scrutiny، and in this way to attempt to achieve a better cognition about the Almighty God and His signs. Man should always keep this in mind that Quran is not a book of experimental sciences; rather it is a book which leads to development of righteous human and the view toward the book should not be limited to the appearance of signs of thedivine creation. The signs should be considered as the symbols of existence of the all knowing Creator. Therefore، it should not be expected to find the details of different sciences such as evolution، botany، pharmacognosy، and so on. However، this does not prevent some quick glances at the signs present in creations for development of man. In general، all these items can be guides for man to consider them as the reminders of more careful thinking to achieve better cognition about God and not passing them carelessly. In addition to the holy Quran، getting familiar with hadiths is necessary and would be helpful in solving the problems arising from the differences in various interpretations. Moreover، hadiths provide more sensible comparisons for the signs. So، this is a responsibility of scientists to continue theirattempts for discovering more principles in the holy Quran and make them more sensible for others. This would help people in being developed and getting closer to God. Islamic and Iranian traditional medicine sources can help us to know، find and interpret details about mentioned topics.

Introduction & Antibiotic resistance is a significant public health issue because of antibioticresistant pathogens is increasing. One of the most important factors in the spread of antibiotic resistance is excessive use of antibiotics. Upper respiratory infections are one of the most common antibiotic prescription in the children، while mostly upper respiratory infections are viral origin. Antibiotic prescription are affected by knowledge، attitudes، and pressure from parents. The purpose of this study was to assess parental knowledge، attitudes، and behaviors on antibiotic use for children with Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in Hamadan. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Hamadan to assess parents’ Knowledge، Attitude and Practices (KAP) concerning the role of antibiotics in children with URTIs. The questionnaire was made by the researcher. The subjects were selected by two stage cluster sampling (Proportionate to Population Sampling) of parents who were referred in 2012 to health centers in the Hamadan province 2012. A total of 1020 Parents were studied. Results indicated that approximately 43% of participants believe that the majority of upper respiratory infections are viral. About half of the parents (47. 3%) tend to choose the doctors to prescribe antibiotics early and approximately 30% of Participants request antibiotics directly. The results show that parents’ knowledge، attitude and practice regarding the use of antibiotics for upper respiratory infections in children are inappropriate. To reduce the indiscriminate use of antibiotics، in addition to Continuous medical education، parents need to be educated comprehensively by physicians and general media.

This study was done for investigating the prediction of family functioning based on spirituality in men going to mosque in Sanandaj city. To consider that the mosque in Sanandaj city consist of 4 regions، by using multi-stage cluster، 30 men going to mosque were selected access. The sample size in this study was calculated 120 men and every examinee completed two questionnaires. The hypothesis of this study were: The family functioning based on spirituality of men going to mosque is predictable. The Regression result indicate that according to the scores of spirituality as predictor variables can predict family functioning as criterion variable، in the other words there is a meaningful relationship among variables of spirituality with variable of family functioning.

Good preoperative sedation and anxiolysis helps in smooth induction and optimal depth of anesthesia during induction، also laryngoscopy & tracheal intubation will be caused to less hemodynamic perturbation. The objective of this study is determining the effect of listening to holy Quran-e- karim tape before anesthesia on the degree of sedation and speed of induction and also variation of hemodynamic variables during that time. Methods & Materials: In a prospective single blind randomized clinical trial، 60 patients with ASA physical class I & II، candidate for intra abdominal operation under general anesthesia was included. After selection of the patients on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria’s، patients divided randomly in two groups (case & control). Before giving any drugs، in the case group 10 min of holy Quran e-karim reading was played via a head phone. But in the second group head phone in the off position was applied. BIS and heart rate was recorded before and after this 10 min in two groups. After that in the same time with premedication injection (Fentanyl & Midazolam) another 3 min record of holy Quran-e Karim was played to group one patients، and again BIS was road. Hence induction of anesthesia was done with thiopental 5mg/ kg and Atracurium 0. 5mg/kg. Time to reaching the BIS number to 50 in two groups was noted. Also BIS and HR recorded at laryngoscopy and after intubation and 2 min later. Data was analyzed with SPSS statistical software version 11. And P-value less than 0. 05 considered valuable. Comparison of initial BIS & HR (after 10 min listening to tape) t-student test showed a meaningful difference between two group (P-value = 0. 05). That means the patients in case group had a better sedation than other group. But analysis of data for other times didn’t show a significant difference between groups. Discussion & Results confirmed that، listening of holy Quran without giving any sedative and analgesic drugs can reduce the BIS number from awareness level to the level of conscious sedation (80 Keywords: avat, e holy Quran, e, Karim, Induction of anesthesia, BIS, Sedation