پژوهشنامه نقد ادب عربی
سال یکم شماره 1 (پاییز و زمستان 1389)

According to the theory of inter-textual phenomenon, any text consists of elements stem from the mental efforts of its author or other authors` who influence that text directly or indirectly. Moreover, to have a correct analysis of Arabic literature development, one needs to consider the Arabic culture of the past.Amin Ul- Raihani is one of the prominent figures of Mahjar literature and his prose poem has been under great impact of Nahj-Ul- Balagha. This paper aims to show specimens of this influence.

Notwithstanding all the past and ongoing efforts to give an accurate definition for poetry and its nature, still there has been no categorical result found. Considering the efforts of Plato, Aristotle down to different philosophers, critics and men of letters till now, each tried to define poetry and give a somehow comprehensible account of all its aspects, each of which will be studied in its relevant place. The writers of this extant essay, firstly, attempt to present an overall historical and literary account of poetry and those general rules which govern it, citing the viewpoints of western pioneers and their Arab counterparts of modern literature and criticism in respect to their influence in this field, ending the essay with Al-Gartajinni`s relevant opinions

Hessan Ibn Thabet Al-Ansari is one of the Poets who composed many of his Poems in both Pre-islamic and Islamic periods. His Poems of each period have their own particular features and characteristics. These characteristics distinguish each period from the other one. This article studies two qasidas of the poet on structural basis, of the both periods. Comparing one of his Islamic period qasidas with another of the earlier one, this article tries to prove that, in aesthetic point of view besides art and style, his qasida of the earlier period enjoys remarkable particularities over that one of the latter era. This comparison is merely based on an analytic endeavor of two qasidas far from any preconception.Considering the above comparison and several others, in Hassan's Poems of the two periods, we, generally, can say that most of Hassan's qasidas of his earlier times enjoy, from structural point of view, higher level of aesthetic particularities over those of the latter period. Structural comparison of Hassan`s poems in both periods, has been achieved within three levels of vocal (rhythmical-inflectional), indicational(vocabular-successional) and syntactic(associativecombinative). Most of his Pre-islamic qasidas with regard to vocals and words, are of high level. But from syntax aspect no notable difference can be felt. However, syntactic analysis of a language can be time exhausting and a hard task to do.

Abdolhosain Zarrinkoob has compared sixty different Persian, religious and Arabic subjects of Sadi`s Golestan with their antecedents, inferring their influence on Sadi. Although, Zarrinkoob only referred to a couple of texts out of this sixty as being influenced by Persian culture, there are evidences show the strong impact of the Persian cultural and literary thoughts on this cited pieces of Sadi`s Golestan. We may here detect at least 27 pieces out of those sixty texts that could have doubtless affinity to Persian origins. This article aims, to some extent, to prove that the Arabic references have noticeably presented many Persian literary texts which could eventually be found hidden and buried under the hard layers of these references. The origins of such texts has been, more or less, ignored by the scholars. Meanwhile a distorting change to the original Persian texts is also noticed in their Arabic translated copies regardless to the importance and the influence of their ancient Farsi origins.

Colors from the earliest times have had active presence and played diverse roles in man`s life. Besides the colors impact on man`s individual and social life, they sometimes helped man`s potential creativity and talents to show up. Colors presence in the works of artists beside the beauty of the work itself could leave extensive influence on their audiences. Poets who realize colors ornamenting effect, paid always pay special attention to applying them throughout their composed works. Contemporary poets regard the visual and sentimental influences of colors and their symbolic significance also to present the facts and the meanings they have in mind, with beautiful symbols, to their patrons. This essay`s poet - Al-Bayati – is one of those bards whose view to colors, specially the "Blue" was affected by their visual beauties, conditions of feeling they create, and sometimes by the symbolic meanings which the colors themselves reflect. Al-Bayati always heeded in his verses to the positive meanings of his favorite color "Blue" so in this essay aspects of his relevant view and his influenced motives, in this regard, will be cited out of his verses.

Resistance literature is a type of dedicate literature created by intellectual pioneers of society to face what threatens all aspects of their life. Such type of literature is usually said simply by plain tongue and could have a different tone in each historic period corresponding to the terms and conditions of the time. Palestine resistance literature is one of the most enthusiastic world resistance literatures. Sahar Khalifeh who is known as one of the realistic school writers explains elegantly Palestinian people’s hardships and sufferings. She lives in a time when most meaningful terms of resistance such as patriotism, calls for hopefulness, women`s wakefulness, attentiveness for national culture, are on every tongue and heart. She views, women`s partnership in social activities as part and parcel of resistance. This text analysis research, studies resistance concepts in two stories of this writer.

Arabic literature with its brilliant ancient background are symbols of a great culture which has influenced all the nations that dealt with and been affected by them as well. Arabic poetry due to the influence of the West has seen much of ups and downs. According to the nature of evolution many stages of development caused, more or less, the traditional composing styles to be ignored besides revolution against two basic elements of classic poetry i.e. rhyme and measure. Al-Khalil`s prosodical poem gave place after a long move to the liberated verse which was kindled first by Al-Muwashahat and then replaced by blank and acrostic verses which evolved later, becoming as symbols of rebellion against classical styles of composition that discarded measure, rhyme and external melody, resorting to the esoteric music. This latter form of poems are, known to have short passages, and are void of measure, rhyme and external melody but retain tone and rhythm as their two main remnant elements. Studying the levels of western influence on blank verse a and the western effect on the Arabic literature in fields of prose and poetry besides its differences and the old poetry with its existent modern types, all, here, deserve attention. Blank verse in respect to its structure, form and content will be studied here through the works of poets who composed such type of verses. In addition to that, aspects of difference between blank verse and old poetry and the types of new ones and also the various kinds of criticism they have faced, all will be mentioned as well.

Text, as a tool by which meanings and concepts can be transmitted, should have a structure and a framework to enable it first to embrace all the aims and intentions of the speaker and on the other hand to convey, in a best way, the meaning to the addressee. The question to ask here is: What sort of particularities a text should acquire to let the speech process possess aesthetical attractiveness and expressiveness? Among the men of letters in the early times beauty as a character was mostly attached to linguistic subjects. Linguistic terms such as: word, structure and system that govern the sentence enjoy the highest influence over the text aesthetics. The role of language in modern literature seems to be weakened and transferred to the addressee. It is evident that the way we view the text stems from our knowledge of the existing world and our theoretical bases. We should admit that beauty is not confined to eloquence and rhetoric of the sentence, text has to take the addressee higher to the world of truth.