مجله غدد درون ریز و متابولیسم ایران
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 73، فروردین و اردیبهشت 1393)

One of the symptoms of diabetes, is hearing loss, a condition on which controversial results are available. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of hearing loss and factors affecting the condition in patients with diabetes. In this cross sectional study 80 patients with diabetes and 80 healthy controls, matched for their age and sex were enrolled for the study, after obtaining consent. Age, sex, BMI (Body Mass Index), and diabetes duration were recorded for each patient, and audiometry was performed for both diabetic patients and healthy controls at 250 Hz, 500Hz, 1KHz, 2KHz, 4KHz and 8KHz, with a hearing threshold level of 20 dB considered as normal. The data obtained was analyzed using the Chi- square and T-test or nonparametric equivalents. High frequency hearing loss in diabetes cases was more common, than in sex and age- matched controls (P value= 0.001). Duration of diabetes and Body Mass Index did not have a significant relationship with hearing loss. In the present study, high-frequency hearing loss is more common in diabetic patients than in healthy individuals; Similar studies are recommended with regard to confounding factors to identify factors affecting hearing loss, and prevent its complications, such as loss of social relations, in diabetics.

Metabolic syndrome, a combination of obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, low high-density cholesterol, and increased triglyceride levels, is now one of the most common diseases throughout the world. This study aimed to determine the effect of the husbands, social support on the control of risk factors for metabolic syndrome in women. In this clinical trial, 182 women with metabolic syndrome were systematic randomly divided into two, the experimental and the control groups. A self designed valid and reliable questionnaire on “perceived social support from husband” and a “24-hour dietary recall” questionnaire were used. Also, a data sheet used to record data on waist circumference, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure, (DBP) TG, HDL and FBS. After data collection, educational interventions were used, and 3 months after intervention, post-test results were collected. Mean scores of husband social support in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group. Also, after the intervention, significant decrease in macronutrient (fat and carbohydrate) intake was seen in the experimental group, compared to controls. Moreover, mean waist circumference (4.2 cm), triglycerides concentration (54.15 mg/dL, fasting blood sugar, 61.13 mg/dL;) SBP 7.42 mmHg and DBP 9.55 mmHg were decreased, and mean HDL increased to 5.87 mg/dL; all changes were significantly greater than the control group. Improvement in perceived social support from husband could contribute to following a healthy diet and consequently, may reduce the risk factors of metabolic syndrome in women.

Globally, the incidence of obesity is rising rapidly, not only in industrialized nations but also in developing countries consistent with which higher vaspin serum concentrations and increased vaspin mRNA expression in human adipose tissue were found to be associated with obesity and insulin resistance in humans. The present study is the first investigation in an Iranian population to examine the possible association of vaspin rs2236242 gene polymorphisms with overweight and obesity in Iranian women. This case-control study was conducted on 91 overweight, 47 obese and 133 healthy control women. The Vaspin rs2236242 gene polymorphism was analyzed using the tetra-amplification refractory mutation system-PCR (T-ARMS-PCR) method. T allele frequency was 0.66, 0.76, 0.8 and A allele frequency was 0.34, 0.24, 0.2 for the control group, and overweight and obese patients, respectively. In the dominant genetic model (comparison of AA+AT vs. TT), A allele showed protective effects on overweight (OR:0.49, 95%CI: 0.28-0.84, P: 0.009) and obesity (OR:0.39, 95%CI: 0.19-0.76, P:0.006). Moreover, TT genotype in vaspin rs2236242 polymorphism are associated with increased risk of overweight and obesity in women. To conclude, study results demonstrate a significant association between vaspin rs2236242 gene polymorphism, and overweight and obesity in Iranian women.

Exercise training, an adjuvant therapy has a prophylactic effect on improvement of breast cancer. The purpose of this study was investigating the effect of endurance training on serum IL-8 concentration and tumor volume in breast cancer bearing mice. Forty female BALB/c mice (4 to 5 week years old, average 17 g weight) were randomly assigned into four groups: 1) exercise-tumor-exercise (ETE), 2) exercise-tumor-rest (ETR), 3) rest-tumor-exercise (RTE) and 4) rest-tumor-rest (RTR). For tumorigenesis, MC4-L2 cell lines were used. Endurance training was performed for 8 weeks before inducing tumor in which training was initiated with 50% VO2max and reached 75% VO2max in the 8th week. Endurance training was performed with the intensity of 50 to 65% VO2max for 6 weeks after tumor induction. After training, serum IL-8 concentration was measured by ELISA. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation. There were significant differences in serum IL-8 concentration and tumor volume among the groups (P=0.0001). Significant differences were between training groups after tumor induction with other groups. In addition, significant correlations were observed between serum IL-8 concentration and tumor volume among the groups (P>0.05). Endurance training with moderate intensity reduces tumor volume. IL-8 is involved in angiogenesis and tumor growth and the decreased level of IL-8 is one reason for the reduced tumor volume. Due to reduction of the level of this cytokine in groups doing exercise after malignancy, endurance training in addition to a prophylactic role is presumed to have adjuvant therapeutic effects on estrogen-receptor dependent tumors.

All articles related to primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of thyroid disease were reviewed. Using related key words, articles published between 2001-2012 were evaluated, categorized and analyzed. In primary prevention, the prominent issue is elimination of iodine deficiency, which has already been achieved in Iran. New investigations related to the effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol are available. In secondary prevention, congenital hypothyroidism and subclinical hypo- and hyperthyroidism are important. Routine screening of patients with multionodular goiter by either ultrasonography or calcitonin is controversial, while calcitionin measurement in medullary cancer and RET in family members are recommended. Screening of thyroid disease in pregnancy is limited to those with risk factors. In tertiary prevention, avoidance of excessive doses of levothyroxine, in particular in the elderly, and appropriate care of all patients to avoid progression and complications are the key issues. For health promotion, there is a necessity for primary, secondary and treatiary prevention of thyroid disease, which must be taken into consideration and prioritized by health authorities.

Human subjects can not always used as models for studying disease by researchers because of the potential risks for human health, and in addition, control of interfering factors is not easy in these subjects. Animal biology, physiology, anatomy, biochemistry, pharmacology, and genetics are very similar to humans. Animals are suitable models for research, as their functional body system is similar to humans and is easily manipulated. Most of our current knowledge in medical sciences is obtained from animal studies, among which, rats and mice are mostly used for the their shorter lifespans, which creates the possibility of producing many generations and studying total lifespan. The thyroid plays pivotal role in the body and is vital for normal function of almost all tissues throughout life. Decreased secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) is a prevalent disorder and as a result animal models of hypothyroidism are often very important for research purposes. Thyroidectomy, genetic manipulation, and using anti-thyroid drugs are the most important ways to induce hypothyroidism in animals. The aim of this study was to review and evaluate different models for induction of hypothyroidism in rat, and in addition to compare the characteristics of rat and human thyroid glands. Anti-thyroid drugs could be used as cheap, available, and simple methods for inducing hypo­thyroidism, although they may also affect the function of other organs.

The desire of the human to control the gender of fetus prior to conception has always been important. The aim of this study was to determine the role of maternal diet on fetal gender. In this narrative review study, a comprehensive review of databases including Pubmed, Scirus, Cochrane library, ScienceDirect, MD Consult, google scholar, Iranmedex, Magiran, and SID from 1982 to 2013 was performed. Key words to search databases included fetal sex, sex ratio, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, fructose, eating disorders, sex selection, maternal diet, Ionic diet, fatty acid, calorie, and famine. Results of studies on the effects of nutritional deficiencies and disorders on sex ratio were controversial. Studies showed that a combination of environmental factors such as stress, time of conception and maternal diet had effects on sex ratio. Preconceptional nutritional status of mothers was very important in changing sex ratio. Increasing the intake of K + + Na+ / Ca 2 + + Mg2+ in diet and high calorie diet could increase the ratio of male offsprings. Preconceptional diet was important in fetal sex ratio. However, low sample size in most human studies and the complex mechanisms of sex determination make it difficult to conclude definitively on this issue. Further human studies with larger sample size in this field are suggested.