مجله دانش سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 3 (پاییز 1391)

The thought of fall and collapse of political systems has been one of the most ancient human thoughts and also the intellectual scientists as well as political philosophers. In fact، each of these scholars has viewed this issue from a particular perspective. Ibn Khaldun and Machiavelli who lived contemporarily and in contiguous borders، investigated the thought regarding the fall and collapse of political and governmental systems. Both of these two intellectuals were realistic and using analytical and causal methods and also using practical experience in politics as well as immersing in the history thought in political and social issues and events of their age. Accepting the thought of historic recurrence، they are to justify and interpret the reasons of historical events and upheavals. Ibn Khaldun is led to historical determinism and considered conditions as procrustean; he does not consider any path to exit crises. On the other hand، Machiavelli، in spite of belief in historic recurrence، proposes some solution for exiting crises and tries to present a path for preventing revolution and the rule of fortune. In other words، he knows the past a light on the path of the future. Therefore، Ibn Khaldun believes that the main factor of establishing a government and power is Asabiyya which by creating an intersubjective relation between tribes، increases the political power and force. From Machiavelli''s perspective، the central role is played by virtus (virtue) which by fighting with furtuna (fortune) and dominating it، states and governments are established. The important issue in the thoughts of these two thinkers is that they both overemphasize religion as a political tool and a factor effective on politics. Thought regarding the reasons of the decline and fall in the world of Islam was started by Ibn Khaldun and ended by him too; however، in the western world، Machiavelli''s path continued. The purpose of the preset study is to investigate and interpret the reasons of the decline and collapse of political systems through studying ideas and thoughts of Ibn Khaldun and Machiavelli in a mixed-method، i. e. comparative and causal-analytical method.

Mirza Malkam Khan was one of the most influential intellectuals of Qajar era. Among his works Ghanun Newspaper enjoyed outstanding characteristics. In this newspaper، he knew the system governing Iran as tyrannical and criticized Qajar government. Therefore، the articles of the newspaper were about three main issues: criticizing absolutism، need to reform the government and establish legal justice and party training as well as to invite people to create legalism and compromise. These wants indicated the tyrannical space and the lack of rule of law. Therefore، the main concern of the newspaper was to create a legal framework to limit the tyrannical power of the governors and end tyrannical government in Iran. Therefore، investigating the main texts of the newspaper indicates that the desired government of Ghanun Newspaper has some characteristics which is the legal state. Accordingly، in the present study، it has been tried that the characteristics of legal state be investigated using qualitative and quantitative content analyses of Ghanun Newspaper.

EU as a feeding machine of political-economic stability and security of Europe wants the participation of all European states in the process of the convergence of this Union. Russia، in this line has considered vital interests and effective role for itself regarding the mentioned institution. One of the objectives of EU is the return of Russia to European Russia and its European-centered characteristics. The results obtained from this study in the framework of the theory of neoliberal institutionalism indicate that after the collapse of the Soviet Union، a model of mutual dependency between Russia and EU has been forming and Russia''s encountering this Union in the framework of adopting political approach of political economy to its own foreign policy particularly in the time of Putin is understandable. In this line، the policy of the Russian Federation is based on the compatibility of economic formations، effective social forces and the existing interests in the country with the international environment to utilize the possibilities of the global political-economic structure and supranational institutions such as EU. The results of this approach have been the reinforcement and promotion of Russia''s relations with EU after the expansion of EU towards the Central and Eastern Europe.

The transition from the traditional era of information technology and human، Utilities are faced with changes Among them، the It pointed to the use of military weapons. Conditions of the international system Has led The formal structures of the new international components contribute And countries to achieve their goals and aspirations To provide national interest Tools and new ways to operate The From most important Can the use of soft power refers rather than hard power. As much of the We are getting close last decade Because of the loss of legitimacy، High costs and failures of the functional use of hard power Decreased their use of soft power has been replaced. From this perspective، Governments can provide a fascinating picture of the world public opinion، Valid tools Achieve for advancing their objectives and policies. Accordingly، This article is qualified to answer this question Given the atmosphere of international relations، How can the Islamic Republic against external threats in addition to hard power، The use of soft power? Looks، Iran component of soft power The special In science، arts and cultural conditions of its own Soft power has the possibility of benefiting from and Taking advantage of its capacity in accordance with its geopolitical and strategic position is. Hence، Iran، according to their capacities and inclinations Drmqablh soft war the enemy Neutralizing capability and capacity utilization It is one of the ways forward.

With Israel being established، its recognition was suggested in global arena especially by the Middle Eastern states. Iran، primarily، opposed to the way Israel state was established; although، after a while، it recognized Israel. There were some factors involved in this relationship، significant among which was the position of one person: Gamal Abdel Nasser. Interestingly enough، he himself was one of the opponents of this nexus. As the founder of Nasserism ideology، Gamal Abdel Nasser emphasized on Arab Identity in the region، whose intensification could ring the alarms for non-Arab identities such as Iranian and Israeli ones. This caused a common apprehension for Iran and Israel. The present article seeks to illustrate how Gamal Abdel Nasser corroborated Iran-Israel relationship. The results show that Gamal Abdel Nasser، with his intellectual orientations and practical initiatives، brought about common threats for Iran and Israel، which paved the way for a mutual relation improvement.

One of the issues and problems in the Iran is the ethnicity and the challenges that posed threats on the national unity in the past and the present and caused the collapse of the political regimes. The article is to find the effective elements of the ethnic conflicts and crises in the Iran and in emphasizing on the ethnic study of its Ardebil province as a case study، is trying to present some proper techniques to managing the ethnic diversity in Iran with respect to the principles، norms and culture of the ethnic groups as well as enforcing integration and supporting the national unity. In this regard، the article seeks to study the crises after the victory of the Islamic revolution and the ethnic clashes in 2006 in particular and to find out the permanent causes as well as the changing ones. With this approach، the article uses the documentary and library works as well as field study including the questionnaire.