نشریه طلوع بهداشت
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 43، فروردین و اردیبهشت 1393)

Arsenic is a common toxic element that is mainly transported in the environment by water. Arsenic in drinking water is of major concern to many of the water utilities in the world. Therefore, the objective of this study was selected biosorption of arsenic by inactive Saccharomyces cerevisiae as low-cost biological adsorbent from aqueous solution.This experimental study was performed in laboratory scale and was performed on 243 synthetic samples in a batch system. In this study the effect of parameters such as contact time (5,15,30,60,120,min and 24 h), pH (5,7,9), fluoride concentration (100, 250, 500, 750,1000 µg/l) and absorbent dosages (0.5,1,2/5,5g/l) was evaluated. Finally biosorption kinetic and equilibrium isotherms of adsorbent was investigated. The removal efficiency of inactive Saccharomyces cerevisiae was 89.49% at pH 5, adsorbent dose of 1g/L and initial metal concentration of 100 mg/L. Maximum uptake was observed after the Contact time of 60 minutes. In addition absorption isotherm followed pseudo-second order model with a maximum R2 = 0.999. The results of study showed that biosorption efficiency decreases with increase in pH of solution. Optimum pH of biosorption was 5. The Removal efficiency of arsenic enhanced with increase in mass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae up to 1 g/L, but The Removal efficiency decreased with increase in initial concentration of arsenic. Maximum absorption was observed in 15 minutes.

Some of the building stones have radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium and since people spend averagely 80 % of their time within the buildings, it increases the possibility of sunshine exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dosimetry of building stones in Kerman in 2013 to determine the radioactivity of them. From the salestones of Kerman, a list of building stones was prepared. A total of 275 samples from variety of rocks were measured by pen dosimeter models MKS on both the gamma dose rate EDR (Equivalent Dose Rate) according to Microsievert/h and the dose of gamma- ED (Equivalent Dose) according to millisievert. The highest rate of EDR was found in granitic rocks related to the red granite imported from China at a rate of 0.22, the marble stones, pink of Anarak rate of 0.077, on calcareous rocks, Yellow of Makoo rate of 0.03 and the Chinese Stones, Cream of Abbas Abad rate of 0.039 microsievert per hour respectively. The ED content of all samples was determined zero. Although the amount of radiation of the majority of the stones tested was less than the amount recommended, it is advised that in cases that there are similar stones with the lower dose in the country, their import be prevented. Meantime, the national standards compatible with the authorized recommendations for radioactivity be planned for different kinds of stones to be used in the buildings.

Even if a small number of poultry carcasses contaminate with pathogenic food bacteria, the chance of spreading the infection in the chillers of poultry slaughterhouse, resulting in contamination of other carcasses also have been observed. In this study, Coliform bacteria, Salmonella and the Psychrophiles in the two different poultry slaughterhouse of Yazd province have been investigated. Sampling from each line (slaughter and chiller) in two stages (before and after removal from the line) three times (the beginning, middle and the end of the slaughter ing) was carried out. Five Chicken carcasses were randomly selected, numbered and sampled both before entering the line and after exiting the line while rinsed using peptone Water. A total of 120 samples were sent to the laboratory for culturing and microbial counting. Significant differences were detected between chiller and slaughter line. The population of coliforms in the slaughter line was significantly more than the chillers (p<0.01). In the case of salmonella the only difference was in the amount of bacteria between two slaughterhouse being significantly lower in slaughter house two (P <0.05). The results showed no significant differences among different treatments in respect to psychrophile bacteria.In general, it can be said that secondary contamination in the slaughter line along with gradual increase in temperature of the chiller can increase bacterial load of both coliforms and salmonella but it will not affect the amount of psychrophile bacteria. Due to some differences between the studied slaughterhouses, microbial load of coli form and salmonella can be acheived by improving the management and installation of appropriate aquipments in the evisceration line.

The amount of waiting time is an indicator of level of access to hospital services and can be measured as one of the indicators of the effectiveness of hospital performance. This study aimed to determine the average waiting time in Shahid Rahnamoon and Afshar clinics. This descriptive, analytical, cross – sectional study was conducted with a simple size of 264 patients in Shahid Rahnamoon and Afshar clinics in 1389. A check list was used to collect data and SPSS statistical software was used for analyzing the data. The results showed that waiting time in Shahid Rahnamoon and Afshar clinics were different. The average of waiting time for patients referred to Shahid Rahnamoon clinic was 7 minutes in the reception area, 1.8 minutes at the payment box, and 63.5 minutes in the waiting room. And the average waiting time for patients referred to Afshar clinic was 19 minutes in the reception area, 1.7 minutes at the payment box, and 38 minutes in waiting room. It seems that using the telephone voting system in clinics, determining special working programs for doctors, increasing the working hours of doctors, and increasing the number of physicians in clinics can reduce the waiting time.

High-rate frying with oil is a cause of hydrolyzation, oxidation and polymerization of oil, thus making free radicals in the human body. These free radicals can lead to cancer, inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, aging and others. The aim of this study was to surv ey the peroxide value of edible oils used in confectionary, restaurants and sandwich shops in Gorgan in 2011. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on all confectionaries (n=43) Restaurants (n=15) and Sandwich Shops (n=66) in Gorgan in 2011. Samples were collected in the hours that oil was very hot. Samples were collected based on national standard procedure, number 493. After the transfer of samples to the chemistry laboratory of environmental health engineering department, the number of peroxide was determined based on national standard procedure, number 4179. Out of 24 samples of the confectioneries, (56%) were consumable and 19 samples (44%) were inedible (p=0/015). Out of 15 restaurants and central kitchen, 6 cases (40%) were consumable and 9 cases (60%) were inedible. (p=0/021), and from 66 samples of sandwiches, 12 (18%) were consumable and 54 samples (82%) were inedible (p=0/000). The differences between the samples of consumable and inedible in three group was significant (p=0/000). The findings show that Peroxide value in sandwich and fast food shops, restaurants, and confectionary shop are higher than the standard, so its seems that having educational plan for staff about nutrition and the correct methods of frying food is necessary.

Today despite all the advances made in all scientific fields specially in medicine and health sciences, still parasitic diseases are considered as a major health-economic problem in most countries especially in the developing countries thereby inducing some troubles for these countries including a large loss of human resources, high cost, and spending much time for eradicating and controlling parasites. Sampling method was conducted through the convenience design of sensus including all the visitors to Central Laboratory and Shahid Sadoghi Hospital laboratory. Most of the fecal samples were taken with a direct method (physiologic serum and lugol) and were examined by light microscopy. Out of the total of 33096 fecal samples examined, 17481 were relating to men (52%) and 15615 to women (48%); out of all samples, 624 cases (1.8%) were positive and among the positive cases 380 were pertinent to men (60.8%) and 244 to women (39.2%). There was a significant relationship between contamination and sex. Most contamination rate was related to Giardia (43.4%) and Blastocystis hominis (40.1%) respectively. The findings of this study indicate that in Yazd with the hot and dry weather, due to the prevalence of intestinal parasites, health level is low and compared to the past years has a significant reduction but as in other parts of the country the highest contamination outbreak is related to the younger groups and Giardia and Blastosystis hominis.

Efficient health system needs active participation and good relationship between health care providers and health care recipient. The fundamental reason for the importance attached to patient’s rights and the corresponding increase in legislation is that respecting patient’s rights is an essential part of providing good health care. Existence of patient rights prism doesnt mean its observance. The purpose of this study is to determine the observance rate of patient’s rights and its necessity from patient`s point whom hospitalized in Shahid Sadooghi hospital of Yazd. This study has been done as a cross sectional descriptive survey in three months (December 2012, junuary and febriary2013) in Shahid Sadughi hospital of Yazd city. The study group that selected randomly consisted of 200 patients who hospitalized in study period. Data were collected during face to face interviews using a standard questionnaire. This questionnaire was based on patient right prism and its validity and reliability has been obtained in previous studies. Data analyzed by SPSS18. Results showed that observance rate of patient’s rights and its necessity from patient`s point was 63.2% and 76.85% respectively with a significant relationship (R=0.49, P=0.000). There was a significantly relationship between patient`s education, their residency and age of them with observance and necessity of their rights. Urban residency, high education and more age was related to better opinion. Also there is significantly relationship between observance of patient`s rights and its necessity at all and in subscales with their satisfaction of hospital (P=0.000). According to observance rate of patient's rights and its necessity for patient satisfaction and their health promotion. A strategy for increasing of observance is increasing in patients’ awareness of patient’s rights prism.

Addiction changes people from positive, active and healthy beings to consuming and negative patients. This study was carried out with the aim of determining the prevalence of the abuse of epioid substances among people referring to Yazd Addiction Diagnosis Laboratory using Rapid Test and Chromatography. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, all people who attended Yazd Addiction Diagnosis Laboratory for any reason, that is, marriage, employment or obtaining job license between 1386 and 1388, were examined. Totally, 2790 individuals were selected randomly. First, their demographic information was entered in the questionnaire. Then, urine samples were collected at the presence of a laboratory technician and tested using Ennissan Strip Rapid Test; if the result was positive, the rest of the sample was tested with Chromatography. Totally, 2790 individuals were surveyed in this study. The mean age of the participants was 25.9±7.2 years. About 62.9% were male and the rest were female. In addition, the reason for taking the test was marriage in 73.2%, employment in 15.5%, obtaining job license in 3.3% and other reasons for others. The prevalence of the abuse of opioid substances was 5.3% (95% CI 4.5% - 6.1%). Many test takers are aware of the fact that the result of the drug test becomes negative after three days of withdrawal, which might be the reason for the low prevalence of addiction in this study. However, prenuptial testing for addiction is quite prudent and necessary. Moreover, calculation of OR showed a male to female ratio of 15 to 1 for opioid abuse which was significant. Higher age, lower education level, labor work and working freelance, smoking and history of addiction in family were other risk factors for opioid substance abuse.

Influenza is one of the most common infectious diseases which cause severe illness in millions of people every year. Assessment of Knowledge and attitude of the public is essential to prevent of disease transmission because there has a large impact on people's health behaviors and may be helpful in controlling the disease. We decided, therefore, to study the Yazd population' knowledge, attitude and practice related to the pandemic influenza (H1N1). This is a descri p tive cross - sectional study p erformed on 360 population of Yazd in 1389. Data were gathered through a Data collection tool was a researcher made questionnaire that its validity and reliability was approved. Data were then analyzed through SPSS software using statistical tests such as ANOVA, T-test, Chi square test and P earson correlation. knowledge of Samples was medium but attitude and practice They was Good. There was a significant relationship between knowledge and attitude (p=0.019); knowledge and Practice (P<0.001);and attitude and Practice (P=0.004). Also Women had better functional than men (P=0.001).According to the results of the study improving population' information through regular training programs, posters, pamphlets and media is suggested.

One of the most important stages of life is the elderly time when noticing the need of the olds is a social necessity. The main objective of this study is considering the effect of 12 weeks of chosen Pilates exercise on the quality of life in healthy nonathletic people. This Quasi-experimental study was conducted on 40 old nonathletic men who were randomly chosen from a group of old people referring to Ardehal Health Centre in Kashan in 2012. Having randomly chosen, they were divided into two equal groups of inference (age: 65.13±3.2, weight: 70.40 ± 6.91, height: 165±7.91) and control (age: 64.86±2.53, weight: 61.13 ± 4.940, height: 163±4.73). The quality of life of the subjects from different respects was tested through Quality of Life Questionnaire. Then, the subjects in the experimental group did the Pilates exercise whereas the subjects in the other group did not. To distribute the data naturally, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was performed and to see the efficacy of the exercise, covariance analysis and the t-test were administered using the significance level at P≤0.05. There was a significant difference in the quality of life and the following results emerged (P≥0.05): physical health (P=0.0001, F=146.929), mental health (P=0.0001, F=186.508), social contacts (P=0.0001, F=335.657), environmental health (P=0.0001, F=287.57) and the quality of life (P=0.0001, F=69.317). However, no significant differences was found in the control group (P≥0.05). Totally, the results showed that 12 weeks of Pilates Exercises leads to better quality of life and related variables in nonathletic men. This can be regarded as a nonaggressive way to improve the quality of life of the older people.

Socialization is a process of mutual communication between the individual and society. For this reason it is regarded as a complex flow that has various dimensions. Acquiring social skills, communicating with other people and social adjustments are in these dimensions. The family, school and media have a significant role and responsibility in learning compatibility with the environment. This study aimed to compare the social adjustment of viewing and blind children in elementary schools in Mashhad. This is a descriptive, analytical study in which 270 blind and viewing students of primary schools in Mashhad participated in the academic years 2012-13. The blind students were chosen by census and viewing students through a stratified random sampling from normal schools. For data collection, a standard questionnaire that was social adjustment questionnaire was used. It was made in 1974 in America by Lambert, Wind Miller, Cole & Figueroa, which was translated in 1992 by Dr. Shahny Yeylagh, to be used for children of 7 to 13 years. It was conducted on 1500 boy and girl students of the first to fifth grade in elementary schools of Ahvaz. This test consists of 11 subscales, 38 sub-categories and 260 items. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics such as t-test was used. (P <0.05). The mean scores of social adjustment of students showed no statistically significant difference between the viewing and the blind (p=0.8). Also the mean of social adjustment in blind girls and boys was not statistically significant (p=0.1), but the incompatibility was found in more boys than the girls. Regarding the results, social incompatibility was higher in the blind girl students than the viewing girl students. Also this incompatibility was higher in the boys than the girls thereby requiring scientific and coherent planning for them.

In recent decades, increasing the employment rate of women in society has made them vulnerable to the effects of multiple stressors such as depression at work. Given the important role of women in society and the family, this study performed a comparison of depression, anxiety and stress among employed women and housewives in Shiraz city. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted using DASS21 questionnaire. Cluster sampling was used. A total of 233 women were selected out of whom 107 were employed women and 126 housewives. Data were collected and the results were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test. In this study, median of anxiety score and depression score in employed women turned out to be 10 and 9 respectively but 10 and 10 in the housewives; this difference, however, was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The median of stress score in housewives and employed women stood 13 and 11 respectively. The difference between housewives and working women was statistically significant. Results of the study showed the amount of stress in housewives higher than that of the employed women thereby requiring special attention to be paid to reduce stress and mental illness in housewives.

Lead and zinc are among the most poisonous unnecessary heavy metals available in the environment and are among the first grade poisonous pollutants. In this study the efficiency of electrocoagulation process using alternating and direct current and iron and stainless steel rods for elimination of lead and zinc from battery industrial wastewater has been investigated. Wastewater samples were taken from the battery building industry. In the electrochemical cell, metal iron and stainless steel rod electrodes were used and were connected together serially and unipolarly to the feeding source. By using alternating current, the elimination of lead and zinc was done successfully with iron electrodes and in the density of 6 mA/cm2 which were 96.7% and 95.2% and with stainless steel electrodes in density of 8 mA/cm2 which were 93.8% and 93.3% respectively. By using direct current, the optimum elimination of lead and zinc with iron electrodes leveled at 97.2% and 95.5% and in density of 6mA/cm2 and with stainless steel electrodes was equal to 93.2% and 92.5% in density of 8mA/cm2 respectively. The results from this research are in line with the results from other studies. According to the results, this process can be applied as a suitable method for a wide use of electrolyte reactors in industrial scale and for eliminating lead and zinc from aqueous environments.

The prevalence of hepatitis B as the second most common cause of acute hepatitis is about two and a half million people in Iran. Personnel of medical groups and individuals who work with blood and body fluids of patients have more than normal population risk of being infected. Therefore, prevention is important in this group. One of the models of behavior change in health education is health belief model that focuses on changing beliefs, these changes will ultimately lead to changes in behavior. The aim of this study was to determining Beliefs of Health Sector Personnel in Taft District about Hepatitis B based on health belief model. This study was a cross sectional study among 351 Health Sector Personnel Taft city in census method. Questionnaire made thirty-three valid and reliable questions (α=0.83) based on the structure of health belief model was in two parts. Including demographic with six questions and questions related to health belief model structures, including knowledge seven question, four items perceived susceptibility, five items perceived severity, three items perceived benefits, four items perceived barriers and four questions about cues to action. then complete the questionnaire in self report data were analyzed by SPSS-18 by use of descriptive and analytical such as Pearson correlation, ANOVA, T- test in α=0.05. Mean age of participants 35.03±8.13. Mean score in each of the structures were, knowledge 11.73±2.67 (range score 0-14), perceived susceptibility 15.41±3.1 (range score 4-20), perceived severity 15.17±2.84 (range score 5-25), perceived benefits of 12.59±3.49 (range score 3-15), perceived barriers 10.68±2.6 (range score 4-20) and cues to action 2.66±1.35 (score range 0-4). There were correlation between the susceptibility and knowledge (r=0.498**, P<0.001). There were a Significant relationship between level of education and knowledge mean score (P<0.001), perceived susceptibility (P<0.001), perceived benefits (P=0.02), cues to action (P=0.036). Also there were significant relationships among the work place participants and knowledge (P=0.028), perceived intensity (P=0.001), perceived benefits (P<0.001) and cues to action (P<0.001). Opinions of the participants were at acceptable levels but attention to the several precarious conditions of these people and the importance and necessity of continuing education about prevention to transmission of disease therefore is recommended continuing education about learning related subjects and how to deal with patients and their care.

deprives people from the joys of life, any solution for its prevention and treatment is considered to be important. Although drug therapies and consultaions are helpful, religious educations should also be considered in this regard. Some effective issues including having self-confidence, appreciating one's own capabilities, seeking help from and having trust in God, making a proper evaluation of this and the other world,caring about other people and not keeping ill will towards them, avoiding loneliness and unemployment, travelling, doing recreational activities, and reading books are discussed in this paper.