مجله پژوهش های ترجمه در زبان و ادبیات عربی
پیاپی 5 (زمستان 1391)

With respect to the great impact of the One Thousand and One Nights on various literary and cultural arenas of the world nations, this study is conducted in order to investigate its role in flourishing modern Arab plays. For this purpose, after investigating roots and origins of plays and different forms of dramatic arts in Arab countries, this paper introduces One Thousand and One Nights and its dramatic capabilities. In concurrence with the formation of modern arab theatre and its foundation by great arab dramatists, a new wave of impression of One Thousand and One Nights on Arabic literature emerged, this time in the play area. Investigation and introduction of the most important plays written on the basis of this book constitute the next section of this research. This study tries to show the daramatic capabilities of One Thousand and One Nights through investigating the samples as well as introducing the wave of impression of Arab authors in the booming era of drama since the second half of the nineteenth century. This paper also intends to prove that the attention of the pioneers and founders of Arab drama is more focused on the historical heritage of the Arabic literature in general and One Thousand and One Nights in particular as compared to European literature.

Al-A’shā is one of the erudite men of Muallaqāt ("The Suspended Odes" or "The Hanging Poems")– the title of a collection of seven pre-Islamic Arabic qaÒīdahs (odes) – and one of the elite poets of pre-Islamic upper class in whose poems, due to taking many voyages to neighboring regions, elements of different civilization such as Persian, Roman, Abyssinian, Nebatian, Egyptian, Turkish, Kabuli, etc can be observed. Since he travelled to neighboring areas toearn afortune, his poems represent symbols of civilization and culture such as divorce, marriage, war,pastime, means of pleasure and musical instruments. Furthermore, different religions, religiousbeliefs and rituals can beobserved in his poems. Besidesinfluencing his imagination, civilizationhas influencedthe language, subjects and the poetic music of al-A’shā’spoems. As an effect of listening to the instruments and songs of the bondwomen, unlike other poets of the pre-Islamic era, such as TarafatibnAbd, his poetic language was simple and lacked complexity. The effect of civilization and culture on hispoetic subjects is so much so that in eulogy,he exaggerates like Abbasid era poets and in satire he pokes fun at his subjects, as in lyricism heuses a variety of approaches to describe the beloved. This poet chooses rhythmic metrics for his poetic music. He often uses bahretavil ('lengthy meter') and mutiqārib ('convergent meter'). By using rhymes suchaswords ending withflowing letters of "lām""dāl" and "rā", repetition of letters and words, and their agreement, some newfiguresof speech such as tansīq-i Sifāt ("synathroesmus"), tibagh ("antithesis"), radd al-'ajzallaal-sadr ("epanalepsis"), different types of pun, etche steps up the music of his poems and excites the readers.

Human life is inextricably linked with mythology. These fictional stories which are sometimes rooted in historical facts are intertwined with human life in a way that in some communities they have been accepted as undeniable facts. Integration of mythology and human life has been reflected in literature as a manifestation of human culture and civilization so much so that today myths have a unique status in literatures of the world, including the Arabic literature. Ibrahim al-Kawny is a known contemporary novelist in the Arab world who has utilized mythology, especially indigenous, African myths and local beliefs. In this essay we have tried to review myths and folk beliefs reflected in one of the most outstanding works of Ibrahim al-Kawny called "Nazyf al-Hijr" and hence to introduce the application and function of myths for this famous Arab writer.

Parnas which equals "al-fannlil-fann" or "al-barnasiyah" in Arabic and "art for art" in Persian, is a literary criticism school of thought and the borderline between romanticism and symbolism which has, unlike romanticism, neither compromised the poem for personal feelings and adopts it as a tool for expression of the inner perceptions and verve of the poet, nor, like symbolism, is of complexity and ambiguity, but it is based on the belief that poem is beautiful in its own capacity and it should be attached its proper value. This research aimsto survey this school of thought in the beliefs of one of the prominent Lebanese poets, Amin Nakhlahand explain its various aspects. In this research, the aim is to express the objectives of the poem in the views of Amin Nakhlah due to the fact that as a Parnassian poet, he aims to devote himself to the mere beauty of the poem and no other specific objectives should be sought in it. In this essay some of his odes such as "al-bulbul","al-shallal" and "al-habib" have been examined and it has been concluded that Amin Nakhlah is a structuralist classic poet who attaches special importance to the form of words and way of expression, not to its nature.In the meantime, itrepresents the ivory tower literature which elaborates on issues such as love, bulbul (nightingale) and the like.

After Balfour Declaration where the British government vowed to establish a Jewish government in the Palestinian territory, Jews assisted by Britain began to work out their plans. Among their actions was purchasing the lands owned by the Arabs and encouraging the world Jews to migrate to Palestine. Some Arab poets and thinkers perceived this threat, and initiated their struggle to awaken the people about this case. Ibrahim Touqan is among the poets who played a major part in composing poems of resistance and vigilanceto awaken the people of the land. He has composed many poems against Jews and Zionist purposes. Touqan, in one of his odes, poetically reasons with a Jewish poet – Reuben*** – who has composed an ode in support of the offensives of Israeli soldiers against the Palestinian nation. Touqan challengesthe claims of the Jewish poet by using the Quran and Torah in explaining the historic records of the Jews. This paper has utilized the descriptive-analytical method on the two odes in studying the poetic reasoning of Ibrahim Touqan against the Jewish poet.

"Proverb" is considered as a literary-lingual topic that has outstanding status in Iranian and Arabic culture.Iranian and Arab proverb writers have tried to collect and record proverbs. The method of proverb research andcompilation is mainly based on"alphabetical classification" and there seems to be no logical and semantic relationship between proverbs. The authorbelieves that classification of proverbs based on "semantic fields" can help,on the one hand,proverb researchers in anthropological studies and discovery of cultural and civilizational elements; and on the other hand, it will enable them to access related proverbs in different fields. In this study, an attempt is made to examine proverbs related to the concept of "absurdity"in Persian and Arabic. At first, different definitions of "proverb" from the Iranian and Arabresearcher's perspective have been presented. Then, a collection of these proverbs has been examined comparatively. This article can be applicable in domains of proverb studies and compilation as well as comparing Persian and Arabic sayings with special emphasis on “semantic classification” rather than “alphabetical classification”. The author regards vain, uncouth, illogical and bold behaviors which are of little or no far-sightedness, out of measure and lacking wittiness as a social and cultural damage and has tried to examine the various aspects of absurdity in Persian and Arabic proverbs.

Ahmed Waeli, a famous contemporary Iraqi Shiite poet and orator, has used the phonemenon of quranic intertextuality abundantly in hisreligious poetry. In his poetry, the literal and spiritual impact of the Quran can be found manifestly. He usesthe teachings of the Quran in two in the first one, like many classical Arab poets, he uses somequranic words and concepts in poetry without any changes and creativity. This method has the highest frequency in his poetry; another method he has used is intertextuality. In this method, Waeli's inspiration from the Quran is indirect and hidden mixed with technical dexterity and capability.

Religious heritage in all its forms and for all nations is considered as one of the most important sources of poetic inspiration. Poets, in many of their literary works, have benefited from their religious heritage significantly; meanwhile the holy prophets are one of the most widely used religious symbols. In symbolic application of prophets’ personalities, poets highlight the salient features of their life such as the passions of Jesus Christ (PBUH) and the patience of Job (PBUH) while referring to these religious figures, they use them as a means to explain and interpret poets’ own lives in contemporary era. However, sometimes the contemporary Arab poets, while using accepted and known symbols, resort to deconstructing the symbolic application of religious figures and utilize unusual forms as the highest occurrence of such innovations can be observed in Jesus Christ (PBUH), as well as in Job (PBUH), Moses (PBUH), Adam (PBUH), and Noah (PBUH)’s stories. By using a descriptive-analytic approach in a complete and precise study of Badr Shakir al-Sayyab, Nazik al-Malaika, Fadawi Tawqan, Mahmoud Darwish, Samih al-Qasim, AmalDanghal andNizar Qabbani’s diwans and by using all the extracted examples, this paper aims to analyze the innovations in applying prophets’ religious personalities.

At this age which is an era of speed,science and technology the necessity for communication with other communities in order to advance in scientific, cultural, political,social etc… areas is felt more than before. Translation is one of such communication means in its various modes. Written translation as a kind of translation is assigned to converting a message from the original language to the target language in writing. Obviously translation of written works plays a remarkable role in communicating the archaic and contemporary works of other nations into our literature. Therefore knowledge of its principles and regulations is so significant as a tool for proper understanding of the thoughts of the author. Given the fact that in various references, the basics of the written translation has been elaborated on intermittently and the appropriate knowledge and use are essential for delivering an acceptable translation. In this essay an attempt is made to analyze and define an array of the most significant fundamentals and rules of written translation including mastery of the original and target languages, understanding of the translation subject, loyalty to the meaning, and the ample knowledge of particular terms etc.