فصلنامه شعر پژوهی (بوستان ادب)
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 19، بهار 1393)

Semiotics، for the first time، was introduced in the field of language studies by Ferdinand de Saussure. The goal of semiotics is to study the relation between signified and signifier. Semiotics is an approach rather than a science. Although Semiotics has been rooted in Saussure''s ideas and the relation between signified and signifier، it can also be extended to literary criticism and specifically to reader-response theory. It seems that Semiotics has other applications other than its linguistic function which is mainly based on Jacobson''s theory. Semiotics has other functions; for instance it can be used in reader–response theories for investigating the influence of signs on readers. This paper tries not only to investigate Hafiz''s poems from Semiotic point of view and to categorize its signs، but also to study the influence of each sign on the readers and also to distinguish different languages Hafiz employs in his sonnets.

One of the ancient religions which seems to be originated from Zarathustra in the Achaemenid era is Zurvanism. In this era, thinking about the first two gods, Ahura Mazda and Ahriman, some of the Zarathustrians came to this conclusion that these two gods might have had a father. They took Zurvan as the father and the creator of these gods. Since childbearing has been taken from women and given to men, it can be considered as another reason for transition from matriarchy to patriarchy. Therefore, one can believe that with the appearance of Zurvanism in Iran, matriarchal system, little by little, was disappeared and the woman’s role has been decreased in society and the love of matriarchy has been replaced by the laws of patriarchy. Thus, in this situation, love has no place and women play a different role. Woman, on one hand, becomes a means of political union, and on the other hand, becomes a means of reproduction. These two functions have strong reflections in Shahnameh. However, it does not mean that the influential and great women are absent in Shahnameh, on the contrary, in some stories, women have important roles. This greatness might be left from matriarchal period. Ferdowsi, the author of Iranian national epic, has considered all these cultural characteristics in his work.

The coup d''état of the 28th of Mordad 1332 is the most influential contemporary historical event which has had a great influence on language and minds of the poets. The contemporary poet، Mehdi Akhavan Sales، has depicted this event in his poems. Employing content-analyzing technique، this descriptive-analytical study investigates the reflection of this event in his poems written after the event till 1340. Employing an appropriate rhythm and rhyme، concise sentences، repetition of verbs، using adverbs of frequency and those related to hesitation and doubt، and negative verbs، Mehdi Akhavan Sales، with a symbolic language، and a social approach، depicts the consequences of the fall of Mosadegh''s reign، prison، execution، slaughter، resorting to opium and alcohol، in his poems.

Man experiences time in two ways: first، the external، unstable، and transitory time which is eventually presented in the form of death; second، the internal time that by poetic imagination of which، man tries to remain immortal. This study tries to study the concept of death as a common experience in the poems of these two poets. First، the definition of time is provided and then the understanding of these two poets of this concept is explored. This study shows that both Adonis and Shamlu—to get rid of time and to unite with eternity—employ some strategies such as turning back to the past time، mythology، and love. Thus the common look of these two poets at the concept of time along with their comprehensive looks at human beings'' concerns and anxieties would be considered as the movement of contemporary literature towards world literature.

Song literally means freshness which has Avestan roots. It is a generic term which refers to different types of rhythmic and musical poetry، such as couplet، quatrain، and folkloric songs. Since songs are ancient، the old Persian poems are considered in this literary genre. In this paper، the rhythms، rhymes، themes، the language، and the structures of the contemporary songs are investigated. The language of the songs is simple and friendly and their themes are emotional and popular. Today''s definition of song is very close to lyric. Thus، today، having rhythm and rhyme is not necessary for a poem to be considered as a song.

Because of the development of interdisciplinary studies، nowadays، the relation between literature and other disciplines in Humanity such as Psychology has been increased. Humanistic psychology is one of the psychological schools of the second half of the twentieth century. It focuses on man''s growth and development by concentrating on man and his abilities. It presents some ideas and patterns relating to private and social life of human beings such as creativity، self-study، sublime experiences، and independence. Studying Kadkani''s poems، one may understand that these psychological ideas and patterns are applicable to many of his poems in a way that it would be felt that the poet has depicted the human beings'' freedom and development in most of his poems. Analyzing Shafiei Kadkani''s poems، based on the psychological patterns، this analytical-comparative study not only paves the way for the audience to have a new psychological reading of the contemporary poetry، but also shows that there are some kinds of covert and explicit convergence and unity between literary texts and other disciplines of Humanity، such as Psychology.

Mirzadeh Eshghi is one of the famous and revolutionary characters in Constitution Period. The concept of «homeland» has repeatedly mentioned in his works and sayings. He has a kind of paradoxical view towards the concept of «homeland» in his poems. In his nationalistic poems، some themes such as: the dictatorship of profit-seekers، the hypocrisy of politicians، the reasons of the Iranian''s backwardness، the ways of fighting with the enemies، and the revelation of the true identity of the foreigners، are repeatedly mentioned. Studying Eshgi''s different viewpoints about the issues related to his country، this paper tries to analyze and interpret the concept of homeland in Eshgi''s poetry and thoughts; so that the less known dimensions of his poetry are also discovered. Therefore، according to Eshgi''s ideas and viewpoints، the key of accessing to the ideal principles of nationalism is found in connection with some ideas such as the individual''s nature and emotion، anti-Arabian ideas، public union، and opposition against fake governments، and also some «isms» such as Socialism، Darwinism، Idealism، Chauvinism، Nationalism، Anarchism، and Romanticism.

In literary history of Iran، some works of art has been created based on the intellectual and cultural necessities of their time. If these works are reconsidered، they not only may refer to individual and social psychology of Iranian people of that era، but they can also be considered as the rings of the literary trend، which complete the lost parts. “Jamshid and Khorshid”، a poem by Salman Savejy، in spite of the researchers'' negligence، is one of the works that has considerable potentiality for emphasizing the structural viewpoint towards the literary works of its time. Tracing the signs in and out of the text with the help of intertexual and New Historicism approaches، this research tries to prove that “Jamshid and Khorshid” is a mystical work (despite the public belief). Based on this research، it can be proved، in two ways، that “Jamshid and Khorshid” is a mystical poem. First، by decoding the intertexual foundation of the text which—in spite of its dialectic connection to ancient Iranian myths and Shahnameh and also in spite of its imitation of lyrical foundation and narrative techniques of Nizami especially in Haft Peykar—has a mystical color because of its imitation of the structure and cryptic and mystical techniques of Suhrawardi’s stories such as Aghl-e Sorkh and Safir-e Simorgh; Sanai''s Seir al-Ebad; Attar''s Sheykh Sanan; and Rumi''s the story of Ghale Zat o Sovar («The Castle with Photos») and The Quarrel between the Chinese and the Romans. Second، employing New Historicism shows the alignment of the deep structure of «Jamshid and Khorshid» with the mystical context of the eighth century. It also shows that this poem was not created in historical vacuum and separate from the dominant discourse of that time. «Jamshid and Khorshid» was created in correspondence with mysticism، the dominant cultural and intellectual discourse of the eighth century.