مجله زیست شناسی جانوری
سال ششم شماره 3 (بهار 1393)

Dopaminergic pathway has essentialrole in excitable behavior, especially fear. Cannabinoids are a class of psychoactive substances and impair memory. The aim of recent study is the effect f dopaminergic pathway in fear memory. In this research,the effect of D1 receptor antagonist Intracerebroventricular injection dopaminergic pathway and Arachidonyl cyclopropyl amide(ACPA) as impair on fear memory, in male mice was studied. One week after surgery of groups, in fear conditioning box, percent freezing and latency to first freezing was recorded. According to tukey test statistical analysis and one-way and two-way phase 5 min and 3 min, percent freezing ACPA dose of 0.1 mg/kg compared to the control group had a significant increase in latency. The percent freezing Dose SCH23390 0.08 μg/site in phase 5 min was significantly reduced in the 3min dose of 0.04 μg/site significant increase in latency indicated. According to Statistical test tow-way and tukey test showed that simultaneous injection ​​of SCH23390 (0.02 μg/mice) and doses of ACPA in phase 3 minutes to 5 minutes and has resulted in a significant reduction in latency and percent freezing. Results indicating that high doses of ACPA cause memory corruption and fear reduction as antagonist SCH23390 infusion D1 cause of the fear.

Hypothyroidism is a human disease caused by autoimmune disorders and deficiency of iodine in the daily diet.In the present study, the effect of hydro alcoholicleaf extract of Walnut on hematological indices in male rats with hypothyroidism was investigated.In this experimental study, 60 adult male rats, each weigh in approximately 200-220 G, were divided into 6 groups of 10. These groups are as follow: The control group, patients in the control group, left untreated; the sham group receiving only distilled water as solvent; the experimental group 1, receiving methimazole for 10 days to induce hypothyroidism;The experimental group 2,treated with 1500 mg/kg leaf extract; and the experimental groups 3 and 4,which in addition to the induction of hypothyroidism,were treated with 750mg/kg and 1500mg/kg extract respectively. The extract was orally administered daily for 4 weeks. At the end of this period, blood samples were prepared from all the groups, and hematological indices were measured, including the number of red and white blood cells, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, platelets, MCV, MCH, MCHC, hematocrit, hemoglobin. The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA variance test and the SPSS software, (P<0.05).According to the results,the number of red blood cells, platelets and hemoglobin concentration showed a significant decreased in the experimental group 1, relative to the control and sham groups, whereas the number of eosinophil increased significantly (P<0.05). In contrast, The number of RBC, platelets and hemoglobin increased significantly in experimental groups 3 & 4 in comparison with experimental group 1,while the number of eosinophil declined significantly(P<0.05). the number of red blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, MCH and MCHC decreased significantly in group with hypothyroidism relative to control and sham groups. based on our results and Studies of other researchers, hydro alcoholic Walnut leaf extractcan protect red blood cells and hemoglobin against oxidant damage, because it contains flavonoid and polyphenol compounds with high antioxidant properties and the number of eosinophil increased significantly. The compounds present in the extract can also inhibit the aggregation and adhesion of platelets, and cause an increase in the Platelet count in patients with hypothyroidism.

Radiation therapy is a stage of therapeutic in the management of tumors that causes normal cells damage. So compounds with name Radio protective drugs injected before of radiotherapy that reduce cell damages and death against ionizing radiation. Curcumin is an antioxidant compound. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible protective effect of curcumin on Hormones of spermatogenesis and DNA strand break against Gamma-Radiation in rats. 70 adult male Wister rats randomly divided in to 10 groups including: control, sham, Experimental 1(treatment with maximum of cur cumin in amount of 100 mg/ml), Experimental 2 (treatment with medium of cur cumin in amount of 50 mg/ml), Experimental3(treatment with minimum of curcumin in amount of 25 mg/ml), Experimental 4 (treatment with curcumin + radiation in amount of maximum), Experimental 5 (treatment with curcumin+radiation in amount of medium), Experimental 6 (treatment with curcumin+radiation in amount of minimum), Experimental 7 (treatment with solvent+ radiation), Experimental 8 (exposure to irradiation). All of animals received for 15 days respectively as Intraperitonealinjection. Then the animals were euthanized and blood collection for FSH, LH and tesostrone hormones and extraction of DNA from bone marrow slides for molecular biology studies. ELISA hormone assay for measuring of hormones levels and agarose gel electrophesis with Ethidium Bromide-stained for separating of DNA breaks was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS 15 software and statistical tests including two-way ANOVA and Duncan test. This study showed that Gamma-radiation with dose of 2 Gy caused significantly decreased of plasma testosterone level and significantly increased of plasma LH, FSH hormones levels (p< 0.05) and many breaks in DNA molecule in irradiation and solvent + radiation groups with control. So treatment with curcumin balances these adverse effects of Gamma-radiation on testis hormones of spermatogenesis and DNA molecule and leads toward normal position.These results suggest curcumin have an ameliorative effect on concentration of plasma hormones of spermatogenesis and DNA molecule breaks against Gamma-radiation

In recent years, using of medical plants has been increased more research on effective herbal ingredients. As the male factor accounts for nearly 40% of infertility cases, thisstudyevaluated the effects of herbal drug ADOFON comprising of Tribulus terrestris, Amygdalus communis nut, Allium ampeloprasum, Lepidium sativus, Orchis mascula, Phoenixdactylifera pollen and Ficus carica. 62 infertile men (age 23-40 years) were randomly selected for assessment of their sperm parameters. Their spermatozoa concentration were lower than 20 million/ml, progressive motility < 50%, and normal morphology < 30% according to WHO criteria. 32 people in the study group received the herbal powder and others in control group received placebo. Men in both groups were given 25 grams packs, three times a week for 3 months. After 3 months, sperm parameters were evaluated and compared with control. Pre and post treatment data in tow groups were analyzed by t-test. Data in the study group indicated an increase in percent of spermatozoacount (8.14%, p<0.05) and Progressive motility (1.46%, p<0.001), but there was no significant difference in sperm normal morphology. Results showed the count and sperm motility parameters improved in the study group compared with the control group. Therefore, it is possible that taking this herbal compound is effective in improving sperm parameters and fertility potential.

Growingpopulation and the need to protein requirement forhuman societiesdevelop different systems for livestock, poultry and aquaculture provides. Caspian salmon (Salmo trutta caspius) is a species of native and migratory sea is also very important and nutritional and economic value is of particular interest. Aim this research is identifies and isolates pathogenic fungi from the skin of salmon fish farm sector of the Caspian Sea in Mazandaran (Savadkoh, Lafor - Ghazal Farm).Samples were taken from the skin of four fish weighing on the average 1300 gr in the spring 2011. Samples were transferred to Saborod Dextrose Agar, Glucose Peptone Agar and distilled water with hemp-seed in the room temperature.In this study Saprolegnia parasitica, Achlya (20.83%), Aspergillus(16.66%), Penicillium(12.5%), Acremonium (9.72%), Fusarium(8.33%), Sepedonium(8.33%), Alternaria(5.55%), Rhizopus(4.16%)Cladosporium (1.38%), Helminthosporium(4.16%), Drechslera(1.38%), were isolated from the skin of fish. Pathogenicfungus spores are everywhere and fish may be infected. So the problems in the fish treatment, lack of access to necessary medical advances of fish and high cost of drugs needed to treat, breeders must regardonbreeding and growth of fish.

Present survey was performed for diagnosis of frequency of contracaecum sp. larval stage on Parishan lake. Fish capturing was done in both warm seasons (spring and summer) and cold seasons (autumn and winter) of year and captured fish was transferred to parasitology laboratory of veterinary medicine faculty of Islamic Azad University, Kazerun Branch. Totally, One hundred and seventy fish was examined including five species: Barbus luteas,Capoeta barroisi persica,Garra ruffa obtusa, Chalcalburnus sellal and Cyprinion macrostomus tenairidias. The result showed that the mean of infection in Barbus luteas was 63.11 and 2 0.91, in Capoeta barroisi persicawas 3.28.666 and 1.5 5.44, in Garra ruffa obtuswas 6.833 3.368 and 2 0.732, in Chalcolburnus sellallwas 9.52.724 and 2 0.733, in Cyprinion macrostomus tenairidiaswas 52.301 and 2.5 1.08 in hot and cold seasons respectively. Also the highest and lowest number of parasites among fish species realated Chalcalburnus sellal andGarra ruffa obtusa. Parasite frequency in all over of warm seasons was more than cold seasons.

Some hematological and biochemical blood factors of young Caspian craps (Cyprinus carpio) were measured in order toan average weight of16.98 ± 4.63 g and average length of 11.64 ± 0.88 cm was conducted. Fish were anesthetizedwithcloveoil, 200ppm and thenshootofftheirtailblood samplingwas performed.The samplesweresentto laboratoryfor studythefactors.Results of hematology showed that values of white blood cell (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) are 7616.67 ± 982.68 (), 0.938 ± 0.16 (106/), 9.15 ± 1 g/dl, 24.25 ± 2.9%, 260.75 ± 25.34 ft, 98.51 ± 9.76 pg and 37.78 ± 0.95%, rrespectively. Also, results of blood biochemical factors showed that values of glucose, calcium, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, phosphorus, iron, albumin, sodium, potassium and cortisol are 124 ± 12.53, 8.2 ± 0.46, 163 ± 74.28, 262.67 ± 23.03, 2.73 ± 0.48, 16.4 ± 0.74 mg/dl, 74.5 ± 35.59 micg/dl, 1.82 ± 0.5 g/dl, 127.17 ± 3.6, 6.87 ± 0.7 meq/L and 9.8 ± 1.95 ng/ml, respectively.

Today there is great interest in using traditional medicine for ulcer healing has been increased.Quercus persica is used in Iranian traditional medicine to treat some gastric diseases. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the Quercus persica ethanolic extract for gastric ulcer healing in rats. Extractedfrom theskin of oakfruit soakedin90%ethanoland extractswere measuredby therotarydevice. To determine the effect of this extract from Quercus persica, 56 wistar male rats divided into 2 groups; experimental and control (n=7).Gastric ulcers were induced by luminal application of 0.12 ml acetic acid solution (40% v/v). One day after ulcer induction, the experimental groups Ethanolic extract of Quercus persica at concentration 100 mg/kg w.b.and the control groups received 1 ml normal salin through oral gavage for few consecutive days. On days 1, 3, 5 and 7 rats were killed and wound samples were collected for histological and statistical studies. Results analysis by one way Anova demonstrated that ethanolextract ofthe fruitskinof Quercus persica at concentration 100 mg/kg w.b.significantly increased gastric ulcer area compared to control group and decreased ulcer healing. Also, inflammation cells such as neutrophil and macrophage in the third and fifth days in the experimental groups compared with control groups had significantly increased, which is prolonged inflammation stage.On the seventh day, in the experimental groups a significant reduction in the amount of fibroblast was seen that indicates the delay in wound healing and collagen-synthesis process.The current study showedsignificant increase of inflammation and decrease wound healinginrats treated with ethanolextract ofthe fruitskinof Quercus persica at concentration 100 mg/kg w.b.as compared to control group

One of the best ways for a good study about the carnivorous mammals is considering their skeleton system specially their skull; because the quantity of the skull is permanent. According to their teeth morphology and size of their skull, we can recognize their cheek. In this study, at first we should remove skin and muscle of the skulls, and then put them in 400C water with pepsin enzyme for about 5-6 hours. and then remove the remained skull muscle and wash it carefully. Then put it in hydrogen peroxide 50%; when skull become shine again we should wash it. The tools for this study are: collies, compass and ruler. in this case 25 skulls of carnivorous in Golestan province were studied. Results shows that these skulls are belong to five families: Felidae, Canidae, Ursidae, Mustelidae and Hyaenidae and belong to ten genders and ten types. Biometric tables, photos and maps prepared for each skull. Finally, with considering the wild life in Golestan Province, the skulls size of mammals in this province is bigger than the other ones in Iran.

This study was conducted for identifying mammals and birds and determining their distribution in Basiran No-hunting Area which is located between Abadeh, Eghlid and Khorambid cities in Fars province and DarehbaghNo-hunting Area which is located between Bavanat and Khorambid cities in Fars province and Abarkooh city in Yazd Province during 2006 and 2009. Identification of fauna species of these areas was carried out during field works by direct observation of species, identifying of pellet, feces and tracks of them, analyzing of rangers daily reports and their oral interview and also based on morphologic characters of species. In Basiran No-hunting Area 9 and 17 species of mammals and birds and in DarehbaghNo-hunting Area 10 and 7 species of mammals and birds was identified and distributions of index fauna species were mapped (scale 1:50000). In Basiran No-hunting Area Carnivora, Galliformes and Passeriformes, and Anseriformes involved 55.55% and 28.57% and 50% of all species between mammals and ground birds and waterfowl birds’ orders, respectively and in DarehbaghNo-hunting Area Carnivora, Galliformes and Passeriformes involved 60% and 28.57% of all species between mammals and ground birds’ orders, respectively.