فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 40 (بهار 1393)

The nature of physical-spatial characteristics of human settlements is resulting from the interaction between a vast range of different environmental-ecologic and socio-economic forces and factors. In this interactive process, according to the laws of “structural-functional dynamics”, not only different internal, but also many external forces and factors are synergic ally involved. The extent of dynamics of this complex determines the dynamic or static processes of change of the settlement. Thus, the transformative spheres of environment and space of human settlements are referred to normative extent of changes in their internal and external relationships. Sometimes the outside interferences, whether inherent or based on certain (often development) plans, underlie the basis of change or even inappropriate metamorphosis of human settlements. Accordingly, rural settlements in their bilateral or reciprocal interaction with urban centers, not only are influenced, but also affect the urban physical form and spatial relationships. The area under study in this paper is the City of Ardebil and its peripheral rural, or its immediate umland, which have encountered with vast and ongoing transformations in different physical and spatial dimensions, especially after the establishment of the province of Ardabil (1973) and regional centrality and unclaimed dominance of the city. It is evident that these changes have caused different environmental-ecological, socio-cultural and polito-economic reflections. In other words, one can take these changes as the impacts of interactive relations of internal and external forces and factors over time. Through detection, verification and analysis of internal and external factors and forces, this article attempts to identify the process of change and transformation of rural settlements around Ardebil.

Higher education centers as a part of the active urban areas, including the potential cultural capacities, and presenting services in high levels of urban society are considered the best urban cultural spaces of sustainable development of urban culture. These centers are considered as a specific, scientific, cultural and physical space in urban areas features and because are considered their specific functions can have various roles and functions in culture making and functional development of urban culture metropolitans. Therefore understanding the dimensions and nature of higher education centers as desirable urban spaces are very important in pattern making and creating suitable fields for transferring values of urban life and developing of urban culture.Urban Culture and Higher Education centers show concepts and points views in the research literature arisen from those theoretical areas that have this level of research. This article has been collected information through library and theoretical method and content analysis to answer questions raised and the introduction Higher education centers in order to promote Urban Culture and achieve Urban Culture Sustainable Development on Metropolis proposal based on an analytical model is provide.

The first step in explaining the evolution of idea in every scientific discipline is enquiry into the roots of that science, the name of the person who used the name of that science for the first time, or the person who published a seminal work on that science for the first time. Most texts of political geography in Iran and the world refer to Friedrich Ratzel, the German geographer, as the founder of this discipline, due to his book published in 1897. This is while the concept of political geography was first used and defined by well-known French philosopher, economist, and manager, Anne Robert Jacque Turgot in 1751. The present study, using analytical-comparative method, tries to contribute to solving the mystery of the foundation of this scientific discipline by investigating Turgot’s thoughts and comparing them with those of Ratzel. The findings of the study indicate that humanistic approach of Turgot toward the science of geography and the “stadial theory of human progress” proposed by him, have significant impact upon the emergence of modern geography. Using the concept of political geography, Turgot made attempt to show the relationship between geographical facts and political organization. By political organization, he mainly meant the government. He considered political geography as the knowledge-producing science for the state. However, in Ratzel’s view, the main theme of political geography was explaining the nature of the government. Influenced by social Darwinism, racism, empiricism and war, Ratzel offered a form of political geography which played a significant part in creation of Nazism and its violence in the early 20th century. It can be concluded that throughout a century or so since the emergence of political geography as an academic discipline, the view of political geographers since 1950s are mostly in line with the views of Turgot rather than Ratzel. Therefore, Turgot can be considered as the founder of political geography.

In developing countries, including Iran, migrations from rural to urban areas are among the most critical social and economic issues are considered. The migrants in origin and destination, issues and problems such as; The incidence of multiple disorders caused by pressure on the limited resources of urban communities, unemployment and underemployment, lack of space and environmental education, environmental pollution, aging and feminization of the agricultural labor force, draining into villages and there are. .. turn. within the role and function of rural management in preventing migration and survival of populations is very important. From a strategic point of view, with emphasis on sustainable development and the survival of the the villages population in rural manage plan to sustain the quality of life of villagers, including Achieve and maintain equality, cultural diversity, enhance the sense of community Vshhrvndy achieve a better quality of life quality and every kind of change that will promote economic activity and improve quality of life has been introduced. In this paper, using techniques based on SWOT analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats inside and outside the field of rural settlements Central District of Ardabil integrated view been explained Strategic actions related to planning for the survival of the rural population has been studied from the perspective of councils. Findings show that by developing an entrepreneurial and collaborative approach to rural development planning, In addition to morale and motivation of the expansion in rural areas hope to has strengthened the motivation of survival in the villages consolidated.

Bidkhan Mountain that located in arid and semiarid climate in southeastern part of the central Iranian volcanic belt has several congenital features without any comprehensive study on it. Glacial processes were effective in changing Bidkhan mountain morphology. Here we seek the reduce rate of temperature and snow line in the last glacial period in this region. To obtain necessary data topographic maps of 1:25000, Aerial photos: 1:55000 and 1:20000 and monthly temperature data of Sirjan and Bardsir synoptic stations also Arc GIS9.3 software and field survey were used. Cirque and valley glaciers are the most important evidence of climate change in study area. Based on Topographic maps, aerial photos and field survey, 32 cirques were recognized in the study area. Also, snowline determination was carried out using Peltier and Wright methods. According to the results, snowline was located at altitude 3166.63 meter with Peltier and altitude 3100-3200 with Wright method. These methods are similar in study area. Current snowline is determined using temperature at 5500 meter. Results show in last glacier period, tempreture was lower about 9 and 11 Celsius in apron and high area respectively.

In many places people are exposed to natural hazards are habitable. Studies show that upgrade technology background check swing residents against natural disasters, affected by social, economic, environmental, and management is located. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the structures mentioned in the fountain basin flood-prone Cheshme Kile basin, Sardabrood basin. Questionnaire data were processed using SPSS statistical software based on objective, several tests were used. The findings of this study indicate that demographic, socio - cultural and community competence with underlying factors are in good condition. However, the analysis also shows that managerial factors - institutional (0.936) and personal factors (0.619) Most of the inhabitants of the two basins technology upgrades and improvements ¬ twists and Sardabrood.

In the economic dimension, the management goal is creating the appropriate space for economical development that the efficiency, good and service supply are added along it and it caused to promote the level of life and public welfare and creating the economic sustainable development of rural areas. The methodology of this article is deductive that it defines the performance of the new rural management in the economic sustainability of the case study villages by combination of the quantitative and qualitative methods and base on the systematic approach and sustainable development, to collect the data has been used of the librarian and fieldwork methods too. To study the research problem, according to the indicators (distance to Ardebil and population number), of 37 rural settlement (population), 18 village have been selected as a sample and on Cochran formula, 304 household have been choosed. The research conclusions indicate that before the land reforms administration,in the case study area as well as the other regions in the country, in spite of the existing obstacles, the economic structure of the villages has been influenced by the more integrated management than this, after the land reforms, the traditional and integrated structure of rural management was damaged and there was no suitable administrative than it, and it has caused to more unsustanability of the rural areas because of the lack of systematic approach and functional integration.

Tourism boom at any location along the positive and negative effects of economic, social, and environmental impacts associated with the continuing negative effects that tourism can bring irreparable damage. In this research effort is in the range of environmental impacts of rural tourism should be evaluated. Methods In this descriptive study - sectional and correlational data collection is based on field studies and Using Cochran Formula 75 rural settlements with over fifteen years of experience using systematic random sampling have been simple question. Finally, the data within the framework Excel and SPSS using the statistical software are analysis. The results show that the presence of tourists in the villages of positive changes in increase awareness of environmental variables, improving the rural road network, increase visual appeal and improved rural architecture, improving the quality of residential buildings, religious monuments and improved quality of burial provide sanitary waste and The negative changes in the variables studied in the presence of tourists in rural landscapes and natural landscapes, increasing water pollution, increased air pollution, climate change or local micro-climate, increased soil erosion, loss of plant and animal diversity destroy the valley filling and seasonal waterfalls, hand privacy of natural resources, increasing waste and waste out of the body tissue within the villages, release unpleasant odors from wastewater treatment facilities, homes and services - welfare, increase the construction process and unauthorized created.

Iranian nomadic community in translation from a traditional lifestyle to a modern lifestyle (urban and rural) is located.with modern technological achievements have new life experiences.Therefor present article is to try using the methodology described - survey to explore this transition from the perspective of generational change in the nomadic community of winter Ghare bolagh Saveh city, and to provide scientific answers. nomadic population in this study population residing in the winter quarters Ghare bolagh. 65 persons, including all three generations (three age groups), young and middle aged adults sharing and are being studied. Necessary data through library, research and field studies, interviews, surveys and(PRA) have been collected. By software simple SPSS has been analyzed.The results show that different generations of nomadic lifestyle there are significant differences in terms of components. Also highlight the role of young people in decision making is a receptive audience.And for generations has been the application of modern lifestyle.This track changes to increase the demand for consumer goods and essential items luxury life is more than functional necessity.

The most sensible effect of dams is altering the hydrologic regiment of the lower area. Also, dams could supply a base debit and change the groundwater table levels. In this research, the Salmaan dam and its effects on the hydrologic system of Qir and Karezin plains and underground water level fluctuations are investigated to estimate the effectiveness of the dam in mitigating the effects of droughts. The methodology is based on literature reviewing, field measurements and statistical analysis for which the data of underground water level of the plain and in observational wells, the Qara Aqaj river debit, wells’ debit and precipitation rate were gathered for the period of 1993 to 2011. Also, in order to process the data the following software were used: ArcGIS, Google Earth, Arc Hydro tools extension, and MS Excel. The results showed that during the study period, 10 years have experienced drought in which the worst effect belonged to the 4 years period drought of 2003 to 2001 as it reduced the debit to zero. Also, the Salmaan dam has changed the hydrologic regiment and caused a sustainable summertime debit. However, due to the insufficient supply of the aquifers of Qir and Karezin, annually, 5 million cubic meters of the aquifer volume is reduced and the water table level in all wells are falling down by different rates. Therefore, it could be said that the Salmaan dam could not be effective in mitigating the effects of the droughts occurred.

Development of new irrigation technologies is one of the key solutions to comply with the water crisis, especially in the recent drought. In this regard, over the past few years, the application of these technologies to improve the efficiency of agricultural water development has. Iran is located in arid and semi-arid. Detailed study of irrigation system characteristics and risk factors in these areas could be a good foundation for planning and local area provide. This study compares the social and economic impact of using both traditional and modern irrigation farming community has been. Type of applied research - development and the cross - correlation is. Survey of farmers using modern irrigation networks and traditional farmers in the Qom province are Kahak. 1743 number of farmer households using Cochran formula and a new method of performing 129 households, 110 households in the sample were traditional farmers. Questionnaire by faculty members of Isfahan Agricultural expert’s revision was after a few steps. Preliminary testing of the final instrument with 30 completed questionnaires were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (a) was calculated for 89 sectors. The results show a significant relationship between economic and social impacts of traditional and modern irrigation methods are. T of the traditional and the social impact of the economic impact 310/2- is 543/2-. This new approach to the economic and social impact in 2242 - and is 455/2-, given the negative economic and social impacts of modern irrigation t mean much more than traditional irrigation.

Weather is one of the most important factors affecting on human being’s life aspects, especially in health and comfort. If the man-made buildings are compatible with weather condition, they not only provide his/her comfort but also decrease the energy consumption. In this study, in order to evaluate the climate and architecture of Khorramabad city, a veriaty of obtained information including temperature, precipitation, wind, relative humidity, effective architecture indices, Olgi, Mahoney and Gioony have been employed. The results show that the thermal comfort in nights is not at ideal zone while is at comfort zone in most of the days of months. Moreover, the months of October, January, February, March and November are out of comfort zone, cold is predominant in these months and using heating systems are needed. In contrast to aforementioned months; July, August and September are in comfort zone. Of note, the weather of June, July, August and September is hot, lacking of comfort in days and using chillers and ventilators are required. In order to depict of thermal comfort of each indices, comparative table has been used for simplicity.

Today, cities are benefit from two geographic symbols (Natural environment and man-made environment). Human kind changes this tow symbols & urban environment continually for daily acts & search for his maintenance & establishes housing whether as ambush or capitalist. In this process, green spaces, gardens & jungles were change to apartments & residential town’s. today urbanites when think with himself sense gap between natural & themselves. Natural resources, agricultural lands, gardens around cities attract urban man for reduce from presser of life & give spirit but physical grow of cities be caused that be spoiled the agricultural lands & natural environment. Herein “garden villa” project is port of effort for stability urban green spaces & is one of solutions for urban environments problem from urban managements view. In this dissertation, after study abut situation of Shahriyar, at list, we paid to positive or negative dimension of this project & represent be or not be success of that.