فصلنامه مطالعات روان شناسی ورزشی
پیاپی 7 (بهار 1393)

The purpose of this study is to determine the validity and reliability of Farsi version of competitive aggressiveness and anger scale among athletes. For this purpose، 403 male athletes from different sports by means of cluster random sampling were selected and completed translated version of competitive anger and aggressiveness scale. Data were analyzed by means of exploratory factor analysis، Cranach alpha، Pearson correlation coefficient، intraclass correlation coefficient، ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc and Confirmatory factor analysis test. Data showed two factors predicted 43. 32 percent of variance. Internal consistency by Cranach alpha for whole of scale and subscales were equal to 0. 78، 0. 74 and 0. 68 respectively. Relationship among of subscales and whole scale showed the translated scale was acceptable internal consistency. Relationship between translated scale and moral content judgment in sport scale showed that the competitive anger and aggressiveness in sport has good convergent construct validity (r=-0. 219). Also، it was shown there is significant difference among sports in aggressiveness subscale that showed acceptable group construct validity. Data showed all values indicated a good fit model with GFI =. 92، CFI =. 91 that was showed in this questionnaire two factors and six item for each factor were obtained. Intraclass correlations showed this scale has acceptable temporal reliability (anger: 0. 90، aggressiveness: 0. 84 and whole of scale: 0. 91). It was concluded that translated scale of the competitive aggressiveness and anger has acceptable validity and reliability among athletes and has the usability by athletes، trainers، and researchers.

The aim of this study is to examine relationship of sport orientation and athletes'' exercise addiction، comparing these two variables in two genders and in individual and team athletes. From premier Arak''s athletes 286 subjects selected. Data collected by «Exercise Addiction Inventory» and «Sport Orientation Questionnaire» and analyzed with correlation coefficient، t-test، ANOVA، and regression. Results indicated that exercise addiction، salience of exercise role، and psychological outcomes of exercise positively and significantly relate to competitiveness، win orientation، and goal orientation. From predictive variables، only competitiveness predicts exercise addiction and exercise addicted athletes had higher scores in all three sport orientation subscales than non-addicted counterparts. Men athletes achieved higher scores in competitiveness and salience of exercise subscales، and exercise addiction total score than women counterparts and in goal orientation and psychological outcomes of exercise individual sport athletes were higher scores than team sport counterparts.

The aim of the present study is to determine the validity and reliability and normalization of Participation Motivation Questionnaire of Older Adults in Physical Activity which was constructed by the authors according to social-ecological model to measure participants motivation in intrapersonal، interpersonal، and social levels. The statistical populations of this study includes all active elderly men and women in physical activity and sport in the Esfahan city that is aged 60 years and above. Face validity and content validity of this questionnaire was established by 6 experts in this field. For determining construct validity of this questionnaire factors analysis were used. The reliability coefficient of this questionnaire were investigated using the Cronbach Alpha and Test-retest reliability (consistency coefficients). Three-factor structure of questionnaire were supported for our population. The Cronbach Alpha values for the three subscales of intrapersonal motivation، interpersonal motivation and community motivation were 0. 751، 0. 702، 0. 760 respectively and 0. 813 for total scale. Also، 0. 942 for the consistency coefficients. The results of this research showed that this questionnaire has acceptable reliability and validity.

The purpose of this study is to compare the narcissism and beliefs about appearance between elite and amateur body builders. This research was descriptive and cause-affects one. The statistical population composed of Elite body builders (43 n) and amateur body builders (129 n). The research tools were Ames، Rose، and Anderson (2006) narcissistic personality inventory and Spangler (1999) beliefs about appearance scale. The data were analyzed by the descriptive and person’s correlation coefficient and independent t student. According to the results the average score of narcissism and beliefs about appearance among elite body builders group were higher than amateur body builders. There was not significant difference in narcissism and beliefs about appearance scores among both elite and amateur body builder groups according samples’ individual characters. The narcissism score was meaningfully difference among two groups، but the beliefs about appearance score did not show meaningful difference among them. To prevent and control narcissism behaviors among body builders، educational and treatment programs should be designed and implemented.

The purpose of this study was determining validity and reliability of the Persian version of OMSAT-3 questionnaire. For this purpose، 480 athletes with different levels of skill in 10 sport fields، individual and team، were chosen by random sampling and completed the questionnaires. The method of the research was as follows: first، with use of translation-back translation methods، face validity and translate accuracy of Persian version of questionnaires were confirmed. Confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations was used for validation of structure of questionnaire، Cronbach alpha coefficient was used for internal consistency of questionnaire، and intra-class correlation coefficient under test-retest method was used to study temporal reliability of items and percentile points was used for normalization. The results of research showed that first-order and second-order confirmatory factor analysis، Cronbach alpha coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient of Persian version of OMSAT-3 questionnaire supported 3-factor and 48-item structure of the initial questionnaire، and confirm construct validity، internal consistency and temporal reliability of OMSAT-3.

The current research is intended to study the relationship between the numbers of the spectators with salivary cortisol and performance evaluation of the referees at Iranian soccer premier league. The statistical sample includes 15 male referees (2008-2009) who participated. Their salivary cortisol levels were completed in 3 stages (a day before، before، and end of the match). The numbers of the spectators from the officials of the stadium and match supervisors، an evaluation sheet for referees'' performances were obtained from match supervisor. The data was analyzed by using Pearson''s test، dependent t and variance analysis with repetitive measures. The results shown there wasn''t a meaningful relationship between the number of spectators and the cortisol levels before and after the match. There was a negative meaningful relationship with performance In addition; there was a positive meaningful relationship between the performance and cortisol level after the match. There was a negative meaningful relationship between referees'' experiences and cortisol level before the match. Also، the results indicated that salivary cortisol increased significantly after the match as compared to other stages. There is a need to sport psychology science for learning the coping stress''s strategies.

Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive and recognize one’s own and other’s emotions and to control and manage these emotions. The purpose of present research was to compare emotional intelligence، its components and subscales based on working experience and gender and to determine the periority of each of emotional intelligence’s subscales among lifeguards. Statistical populationr of this research was included of all lifeguards with degree 1 and 2 Lifesaving Certification from provinces of Tehran، Alborz and Khorasan razavi، from which 100 lifeguards (52 male and 48 female) were selected randomly. Demographic and background features were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. For assessing emotional Intelligence، Bar-on emotional intelligence questionnaire was used which has 90 questions and analyzes 15 skills with 5 components of interpersonal intelligence، intra personal intelligence، stress management، adaptability and common mood. Data were analyzed using Two-factor Analysis of Variance Test، and Non-parametric Friedman Test for ranking subscales. Results showed that there was no statistically significant difference among lifeguards in emotional intelligence، its components and subscales. Social responsibility، happiness and interpersonal relationship features were respectively in higher ranks. In general، the results of this research demonstrated desirable level of emotional intelligence for lifeguards.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the trait and state anxiety and kinesthesia in male athletic and non-athletic college students. Therefore، 200 students (100 athletes and 100 non-athletes) with age average of 21/80 ±1/96 were selected using simple randomization method. Personal information questionnaire، Spielberger State -Trait Anxiety questionnaire and Bahrami’s dominant-hand''s angle accommodation test were used in order to collect data. Collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test، simultaneous multilevel regression test and analysis variance test. The results suggest that there is a strong and positive correlation between trait and state anxiety and error of kinesthesia. On the other hand، the error of kinesthesia could predict trait and state anxiety. Findings show that non-athletic students have more anxiety and Error of kinesthesia than athletic students. According to intermediate state anxiety of athletes، one could claim that this study supports inverted U hypothesis.