مجله تحقیقات نظام سلامت
سال نهم شماره 13 (1392)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is one of the incretin hormones secreted from the intestine upon ingestion of food to increase insulin secretion and regulate blood sugar. In addition to that, GLP-1 can inhibit apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells and enhances their proliferation. The aim of this study is to review the present evidences about GLP-1 effects in regulation of blood sugar, insulin secretion and type 2 diabetes.

The Case-control, cohort, observational and review studies were considered and evaluated using the search engines PubMed, the period between the years 1987 to December 2012. The study was performed by the key words; glucagon-like pepetide-1, GLP-1, "type 2 diabetes", "type II diabetes" and NIDDM. Articles that contained sufficient data and information in relation to GLP-1 in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and its function were used.

From among of the 216 articles that analyzed to evaluate the effects of GLP-1on diabetes, the146 articles were belong to type 2 diabetes and GLP-1. From which only the 25 articles contained sufficient information related to the effects of GLP-1 in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and its role in the regulation of blood glucose and insulin secretion. They were considered and evaluated.

The GLP-1 has effects on lowering blood sugar and increasing insulin levels in two ways, direct and indirect. In direct way, it can increase insulin gene expression and synthesis through pancreatic beta cell receptors. In addition to that, via indirect pathway, by signaling on its receptors on the β-cell surface via hepatic portal vein and vagus nerve could cause an increase in insulin secretion and release. The recent studies show that in Type II diabetes, GLP-1 secretion is impaired, thus its improving can cause an increase in insulin and blood glucose regulation. Nowadays, two types of GLP1-enhancing drugs are administrated orally or subcutaneous injection.

In recent years, heavy metal contamination of rice in different parts of the world has raised concerns about its safety and provoked crisis in it's global production and trade. In Iran, also some studies have reported on the heavy metal contamination of native products. However, the concentration of heavy metals in rice grain could be influenced through preparation and cooking. this study aimed to review the related literature in order to categorize the most important studied elements in cooking which has impact on its the heavy metal concentration. The scientific databases were searched and 51 relative articles were obtained from 1994 to 2012 from which 18 scientific papers were chosen and reviewed. Result of review literature revealed that cooking method, heavy metal concentration in cooking water, temperature of cooking water, type of heavy metal, type of cooking utensil, rice variety and the volume ratio of rice to water were regarded as the influential factors which were discussed for their individual or combined effects. Cooking method seems to have the greatest impact, however its effect seems to be dependent on the type of contaminant element. Using the cooking methods which cooking water is not removed during the cooking, Heavy metal concentration of cooking water effectively increases the concentration of the cooked rice. with the exception of a few evidence on the aluminum transmission in to the cooked rice, difference in cooking utensil, do not have impressive effect. Rice variety, the volume of raw rice as well as the primary concentration of heavy metals in raw rice, all have minor effects on the heavy metal content of cooked rice.

Camel meat is known as a low fat source of red meat in human diet while it is comparable to the other sources of red meat in terms of many nutritional points of view. The present study aimed to investigate how fat and iron content of camel meat are affected by the traditional cooking methods currently is use in Iran. pouching, frying and grilling were applied in this study to process the camel meat samples. The time and the temperature were selected according to the habitual of the Iranian households. Moisture, ash and cooking loss were determined using standard methods while the method of Folch was adapted to measure the fat content. Total iron was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer at 248 nm and heme Iron was determined using colorimetric method at 640 nm. Boiling and frying resulted in the least and most fatty material in the cooked camel meat respectively. The changes of the ash content reflected the effectiveness of grilling and frying in reserving the mineral content of cooked camel meat, while about 40% of ash was shown to be lost during boiling. Despite no significant difference P>o.o5 in total iron content between the three applied cooking methods, it underwent significant changes from raw meat to the cooked ones, Heme Iron concentration, instead, appeared to be significantly different between trail in a way that grilling led to the most heme iron content. In grilling, increase in fat content is less than that of other cooking methods. Also, the highest available iron content can be provided by grilling comparing to the other trials. Shorter cooking time period and less internal temperature of the pieces of samples in grilling may give rise to what was resulted in this study.

Although the relationship between foods and nutrients with metabolic syndrome is known to some extent, the study of dietary patterns and their relationship with metabolic syndrome have more benefits than the relationship is exclusively one or more micronutrients. So, this study was carried out to determine the relation between western dietary patterns with metabolic syndrome in Khorramabad city. In this cross-sectional study, 973 patients (237 males and 736 females) Khorramabad's residences were selected by using of multistage cluster and randomized systematic sampling. Food intake assessment, weight and height were measured and BMI calculated. Venous blood samples were collected for measurement of metabolic variables and blood pressures. Metabolic syndrome was defined based on AHA (American Heart Association) criteria. This study showed that participants in the highest quintile of western dietary pattern in compare to the participants in the lowest quintile of western dietary pattern had more risk of metabolic syndrome (OR=2.21, CI 95%: 1.42-3.44). Findings of this study showed that western dietary pattern (visceral meat, margarine, coffee, nut, sweet and dessert, additives, colas, sundry, red meat, and processed meat) increases the risk of metabolic syndrome.

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is one of the most commonly water soluble vitamins. Extra energy is necessary for the exercise is not often attributed to intake of vitamin C, long-term and intense exercise can lead to oxidative damage to cellular compounds and also contribute to muscle fatigue and decrease exercise performance. Limited data are available regarding to the efficacy of vitamin C about antioxidant activity and their effectiveness on exercise performance in humans. Therefore we investigated the effects of extra vitamin C on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance in Iranian female handball players.

Fourteen female handball players with aged 23.4+3.6 years were enrolled in this investigation and randomly allocated to two groups (extra of 500 mg of vitamin C or placebo) and they were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of the study and within and between group comparisons were done using paired t-test respectively.

Fourteen of the participants completed the one week intervention. There wasn’t observed any significant changes in anaerobic and aerobic exercise performance in comparing with placebo group but there was significant changes about aerobic exercise performance among vitamin C group (P<0.05).

One week consumption of 500 mg of vitamin C in athlete women did not show any significant changes in aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance comparing with placebo group.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the most prevalent of nerves system disease. MS is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder. Nutrition and diet are effective factors for prevention and treatment in MS, however finding are controversial. The aim of this study was investigation of dietary pattern of fat consumption and its relationship with lipid profiles CRP level in MS patient. This cross-sectional study was done on MS women patients that refer to MS clinic and Kashani hospital in Isfahan city with inclusion factors. Demographic characteristics were collected from questionnaire. Biochemical characteristics of patients (total cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, CRP) were measured with standards protocols. Dietary intake was assessed with a semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire focused on items related to dietary fats. Average of patients age was 33/04±8/14. Correlation between various kinds of dietary fats (SFA, PUFA, MUFA) and blood lipids and CRP was not significant after adjusting with confounding factors such as age, weight and total energy intake. After Multiple linier regression analysis, significant relationship was not shown in none of the models. In this study hadn’t shown any significant relationship between kind of dietary fats intake with increasing the risk factors of MS disease. Association between nutrition and MS need to more investigation.

tea consumption is common in our country and consumes more than coffee and other drinks. Many studies investigated the association between coffee and bone mass density (BMD) but there is few study about association between tea and BMD. According to high prevalence of osteoporosis in country and change in demographic patterns that is associated with increasing Middle-aged and older adults, investigation the relationship between tea consumption and BMI is important. this is a cross-sectional study. 87 women were selected randomly that referred to osteoporosis center of Isfahan city. General characteristics were taken through a questionnaire. Food frequency questionnaire was used to assess amount of calcium and vitamin D intake. BMD was assessed through DEXA method in spine and hip. Mean and standard deviation of age, BMI of women were 58.1±7.48 year and 28.4±4.38 respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed amount of tea consumption was associated with increasing of BMD in hip (β=53.22, p<0.001) and spine (β=55.46, p<0.001) independently of age, BMI, coffee drinking, daily calcium intake, calcium supplement and vitamin D intake through diet. According to our result, tea drinking associated with increasing BMD independently of age, BMI, physical activity and other confounders.

Obesity and increase of waist to hip ratio (Android obesity) is effect in cardiovascular disease and type2 diabetes. Increase of fatty tissue special visceral fatty tissue depended to cardiovascular disease, glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and important in diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In most case with insulin resistance and diabetes accompanied by obesity. A total of seventy-one women with type II diabetes in two groups had been under the treatment with Omega-3 capsules and the control group with placebo capsules. Age, high, weight, waist and hip circumference observe. After 8 weeks mean of information that say above take. The data were analyzed using Software SPSS18 and appropriate statistical methods. Mean of weight, BMI, waist, hip and WHR before and after intervention was not significant (P>0.05). But change before to after in tow groups was significant (P<0.001). Result show that omega3 decrease weight, BMI and WHR in patient with type 2 diabetes but the period of study is short and changing after intervention was not significant but change before to after in tow groups was significant. Should do more research with long time.

Clostridium difficile (C.difficile) is known as a cause of diarrhea through antibiotic usage and life threatening pseudo-membranous colitis. The meat products such as hamburger are one of possible resources for C. difficile transmission to human. The present study was conducted to examine the frequency of C. difficile in the processing steps of hamburger by culture method and biochemical test.

In this cross sectional study, 211 samples including raw material and final product of hamburger were collected from 3 and 4 hamburger manufacturing companies certified with and without HACCP, respectively during June 2012 to January 2013. The sampling by swab was done from production facilities. The samples were cultured in Clostridium difficile moxalactam norofloxacin (CDMN) broth. Then it was streaked on the CDMN agar in anaerobic condition. The suspicious colonies were an aerobically sub cultured on the blood agar. Bacteriological examinations were performed by some biochemical tests. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were used with p-value ≤ 0.05.

The frequency of C.difficile was 5.5% and 14% in hamburger manufacturing companies certified with and without HACCP, respectively. There was no difference in C.difficle prevalence according to the season (p= 0.34). But the difference was observed in the results based on HACCP certification (p= 0.03).

These results indicate the hamburger may serve as a vehicle for C.difficle transmission to human. Furthermore, HACCP implementation can reduce the C.difficle prevalence.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between legume consumption and the metabolic syndrome among Isfahan in female nurses.

This cross-sectional study was performed among 420 Isfahanian female nurses, selected by a multistage cluster random sampling method. Usual dietary intakes of subjects were assessed using a 106-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Legume intake was calculated by summing up the consumption of lentils, vetch, peas and different kinds of beans including faba bean. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were collected and fasting blood samples were taken for biochemical assessments. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to modified ATP III.

Legume consumption was not associated with the metabolic syndrome and some of its components, whereas individuals in the highest tertile of legume consumption, compared to those in the lowest tertile, had lower odds ratio of hypertriglyceridemia (3 vs. 11.4%, P=0.03) and low HDL (P=0.09, 41.1 against 51.8%). Before adjusting confounders, individuals in the highest tertile of legume intakes were 28% less likely to develop metabolic syndrome than those in the lowest tertile (0.72 (0.29-1.27)). However, this association was not statistically significant. After adjustment for age and energy intake, as well as other confounders, this association was slightly strengthened but was not significant. By taking dietary intakes into account, those in the highest tertile were significantly less likely to develop metabolic syndrome than those in the lowest tertile (0.59 (0.11-0.98)), but more adjustment for body mass index disappeared this relation (0.66 (0.17-1.07)).

Our findings indicated that there was significant inverse relationship between consumption of legume consumption and the prevalence of two metabolic syndrome components (hypertriglyceridemia and HDL cholesterol). No significant association between legume consumption and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and other metabolic syndrome components was found. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Diet can be effective both in incidence and reducing symptoms of upper gastrointestinal disorder (UGIDs) especially dyspepsia and gastro-esophageal reflux. Dairy products are the food group may be related to gastrointestinal disorders. This project was a cross sectional study done under the name of SEPAHAN Project on employees of Isfahan university of medical sciences. Data was conducted in two phases. Nutritional data were collected in phase one using FFQ and data of gastrointestinal dysfunctions were collected in phase two through ROME III standard questionnaire. Subjects with completed data in both phases were 4763. Individuals in highest quintile of dairy intake (DPI) had 26% less risk for developing gastro-esophageal reflux, compared to those in the lowest quintile. An inverse association between DPI and UGID and its components was also found. There is an inverse association between DPI and UGID. Subjects in the highest quintile of DPI have lower prevalence of gastro-esophageal Reflux and functional Dyspepsia and its components, compared to those in lowest quintile.

Cancer As the third leading cause of deaths (14% of total deaths), has become a major health problem. Cancers like most chronic non-communicable or communicable diseases are preventable. The study were examined the relationship between food groups with adult glioma. in this hospital-based case-control study, 128 newly diagnosed patients with glioma that were determined by pathologist, and 256 controls for Socioeconomic, demographic and life style factors, health status and dietary intakes were obtained with interviewing and by valid and reliable semi- quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). SPSS version 19 was used for all statistical analyses. After adjusting for potential confounders, inverse associations with adult gliomas were observed for intake of coffee and tea (highest tertile versus lowest: OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.16-0.72, P for trend = 0.040), dairy (highest tertile versus lowest: OR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.18-0.82, P for trend = 0.002) and legumes (highest tertile versus lowest: OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.20-0.86, P for trend = 0.001). We observed no significant association between risk of adult gliomas and intakes of processed and salted meats, egg, fruits, vegetables, meats, pastries, fats and nuts, hydrogenated oils and beverages. Our results show intake of certain food groups such as tea and coffee, dairy and legumes may possibly prevent gliomas in adults.

Increased pro-inflammatory factors, metabolic profile and biomarkers of oxidative stress during pregnancy have been associated with development of several complications. To our knowledge, no reports are available indicating the effects of vitamin D supplementation on serum hs-CRP, metabolic profile and bio markers of oxidative stress among pregnant women. This study was done to determine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on serum hs-CRP, metabolic profile and biomarkers of oxidative stress among pregnant women. This randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial was conducted among 48 pregnant women, primigravida, aged 18-40 year old who were carrying singleton pregnancy at 25 weeks’ gestation. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 400 IU/d vitamin D supplements (n=24) or placebo (n=24) for 9 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and after 9 weeks’ intervention to measure hs-CRP, metabolic profile and biomarkers of oxidative stress including plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total glutathione (GSH). Vitamin D supplementation resulted in increased levels of vitamin D (+3.62 vs.-1.2 ng/mL,Pgroup=0.003) and calcium(+0.2 vs.-0.12mg/dL, Pgroup=0.01). Individuals who took vitamin D supplements had a significant decrease in their serum hs-CRP levels (-1411.7 vs. 1503ng/mL,Pgroup=0.01) and a significant rise in their plasma serum TAC concentrations 151.94 vs. -19.69mmol/l,Pgroup=0.002) compared with those who took placebo. A borderline significant effects of vitamin D supplementation on reducing serum triglyceride levels (Pgroup=0.06) and diastolic blood pressure (Pgroup=0.07) was also observed. We failed to find a significant effect of vitamin D supplementation on FPG, serum insulin levels, systolic blood pressure, other lipid profiles and plasma GSH. In conclusion, vitamin D supplementation for 9 weeks among pregnant women resulted in reduced serum hs-CRP levels and increased plasma TAC, serum vitamin D and calcium concentrations. Furthermore, vitamin D supplements led to a borderline significant effect on DBP and serum triglycerides; however, it could not affect other serum metabolic profiles.

Dyslipidemia is the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease in world and herbal medicines play an important role in the treatment of dyslipidemia. There are a few studies of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) effects on human. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of sour tea consumption on the lipid profile in dyslipidemic subjects. A randomized control clinical trial study was conducted on 43 Polygenic dyslipidemia patients with no history of Cardiovascular, diabetes, kidney, hepatic, thyroid diseases that did not taking Lipid-lowering medicine selected in 2012 and divided randomly into two groups. Both groups received dietary and physical activity (lifestyle) advices. Experimental group received two glass sour tea in the morning and afternoon between meals, for 90 days instead of two glass black tea every day. Lipid profile was measured at baseline, day 45 and day 90 after 12-14 hours fasting. This study showed the mean cholesterol levels at baseline, day 45 and day 90 was significantly decreased till 9.46% in experimental group. The decrease in mean LDL-c and HDL-c levels, at baseline, day 45 and day 90 was significant till 8.33% and 9.80% respectively in experimental group. These findings suggest Hibiscus sabdariffa L. extract can be used in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The present study showed a decreasing trend in the mean HDL-c levels that difference between two groups statistically significant and no statistically significant difference in other lipids between two groups.

Little is known about the effects of a low energy dense diet on weight maintenance and cardiovascular risks following a recent weight reduction. Therefore, we assessed if weight maintenance, lipid profiles and glycemic control differ between low energy density diet and usual diet consumers following a recent weight reduction. Seventy patients with the history of weight reduction in the recent one year were recruited in this randomized controlled clinical trial study in a parallel design. Test group were administered a low energy density diet contained 30% fat, 15% protein and 55% carbohydrate while the control group administered a usual diet including 35% fat, 15% protein and 50% carbohydrate for 7 months. 3 days food records were used for assessing the dietary intake. Biochemical markers and anthropometric measures were done according to the standard protocol. Weight reduced in low energy density diet consumers compared to usual diet consumers (-0.3±0.2 vs. 1.3±0.4%, P=0.002). The results was the same regarding waist circumference (-0.4±0.2 vs. 0.3±0.1%, P=0.004). Fasting blood sugar also decreased in low energy density diet group (-9.5±0.8 vs. 0.4±1.0%, P=0.0001). Low energy density diet group had a drop in percent change of their total cholesterol (-0.4±0.5vs2.05±0.4%, P= 0.04) and LDL-cholesterol (4.8±0.9 vs. -0.3±0.9%, P= 0.002). Our findings confirmed beneficial effects of low energy density diet on attenuating weight regain in subjects with history of recent weight reduction. It might be derived from higher consumption of fruits, vegetables and fiber among low energy density diet than usual diet consumers.

There is conflicting evidence on the influence of carbohydrate intake and risk of hypertriglyceridemic waist (HW) phenotype. The aim of the present study was to determine the association between dietary carbohydrate intake and the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 442 Iranian female teachers in the age range of 20–60 years old. Validated dish based semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (DFQ) was used to determine usual dietary intakes. HW phenotype was defined as serum triglyceride concentrations ≥150mg/dl and concurrent waist circumference≥88 cm. No significant statistical differences were found in the age, waist circumference, physical activity levels as well as current estrogen use and prevalence of obesity across quintiles of carbohydrate intake. Participants in the highest quintile of carbohydrate intake had higher intakes of energy, fat, whole grains, refined grains, fruits, vegetables and dietary fiber compared with those in the lowest quintile. No significant difference was found in protein intake across quintiles. The prevalence of HW in the highest quintile of carbohydrate intake compared with the lowest quintile were 24.4% and 15.9%, respectively (P-value = 0.60). Carbohydrate intake had significant association with hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype among a group of Iranian adult women. More longitudinal studies are needed.

Consuming the preloads reduce energy intake within a meal, but no investigation has assessed the changes of body weight and cardiovascular (CVD) risks by consuming preload during a long term among overweight and obese subjects. This randomized controlled parallel clinical trial conducted among 60 participants (25 men and 35 women) to consume a low-calorie diet with similar content of macronutrients, for 3 months. Subjects in preload group were asked to consume vegetable salad, yogurt and water 15 minutes before the main meal while subjects in control group served vegetable salad and yogurt with meal.Findings Energy intake and carbohydrate consumption were consumed in higher amounts by control group. Body weight and waist circumference decrement were greater in preload group rather than control group (-7.8±0.5% vs -4.6±0.59% and -2.7±0.2% vs -1.6±0.1% respectively; P<0.05). Triacylglycerol, total cholesterol and systolic blood pressure in preload group decreased -5.7±1.1%, -3.1±0.53% and -4.4±0.4%, respectively; P<0.05 for all, while in control group corresponding values were -2.2±0.9%, -1.2±0.59% and -2.6±0.3%, respectively. The percent changes of fasting blood sugar and LDL-c were significant only in preload group (-7.1% vs. -1.0% and -4.03% vs. -1.06%, respectively; P<0.05). Consuming vegetable salad, yogurt and water before the main meal has more beneficial effects on anthropometric measures and CVD risks than consuming them with main meal among overweight and obese subjects.

In every society, meat costs the most expensive parts of food basket, meat consumption is noticeably different in poor and rich societies. Since meat intake has been associated with several chronic impairments, reduction of red meat in the diet has been recommended by several health information services. However It is not clear yet to what extent the employed policies has been effective among the urban families in a metropolitan Like Isfahan city. A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in Isfahan 2010. A total of 1067 subjects from Isfahanian urban were included in the study through two stage cluster sampling. Data analyzing was performed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics. In order to compare the mean consumption data in every quartile, one way ANOVA analysis as well as LSD comparison test was carried out. the repose rate of this study was estimated at about 62%. More than 60% of the subjects referred to Lamb meat as their first priority for making meaty foods. Chicken, fish and beef were stated to be preferred after lamb meat. Average daily consumption of red meat, chicken meat and fish were obtained as 20.46, 24.61 and 2.64 respectively. Among demographic parameters, the number of family members was found to have significant effect on the chicken and red meat consumption. Based on the results of the present study, trendy towards fish consumption has been increased comparing to previous study in Iran. However the average fish consumption is still far too below than the world's average. Although based on questioner data, economical issues have not any major effect on the meat preference, an upward significant relation between the number of families and chicken and red meat consumption confirmed that economical matters have great impact on the meat consumption in an Isfahan urban Families.

antibiotics are an important class of drugs which are commonly used in veterinary for therapeutic, prophylactic and growth promotion purposes. Antibiotic consumption may leave some residues in livestock food products leading to human health problems as well as failure in fermentation processing. The objective of this study was to investigate the antibiotic consumption pattern in animal farms in Iran. A cross sectional study was designed in charmahal- bakhtiary province of Iran in 2011, a questioner has been developed by naming 112 antibiotics. Nine veterinary clinicians, 13 pharmacists and 3 livestock pharmaceutical distributor companies were included in the study. Subjects were asked to score each indicated antibiotic in to 1-5, based on their consumption order. The veterinary organization of Iran was asked on the total amounts of different forms of antibiotic drugs, used in 2010. The data on the livestock production in 2010 including meat, milk and egg was taken from the official web site belonging to agriculture ministry of Iran. In order to obtain the same information from other countries, related official websites as well as scientific literature were used. The data was analyzed by SPSS software. The antibiotic consumption factor (CF) of animal foods was obtained as 107.4 mg/kg for both milk and meat and 249.5 mg/kg for chicken and egg respectively. It was estimated that 133 mg antibiotic substances was used per kg of milk, meat and egg produced in 2010in Iran which is quiet higher than that of the compared countries. the findings of the present study would be informative for the legislative authorities in food security and safety. More detailed evolution should be carried out as well as implementation of national monitoring inspective programs in order to provide the larger margin of safety for animal originated foods.

"Natamycin" is a preservative used in Iranian Yoghurt Drink (Doogh) to control the yeast and mould growth. The usage of preservatives is forbidden in Doogh due to some adverse affect on consumer health referring to Iran- Food and Drug Organization rules. But some food manufacturers use preservative such as natamycin in Doogh. In summer 2012, the present study was aimed to investigate the natamycin content in 39 Doogh produced in 19 active dairy processing plants with different hygiene conditions by RP-HPLC in Isfahan, Iran. The assessment of hygiene conditions was performed by Prerequisite Programme check list (PRPs) approved by Iran-Food and Drug Organization in dairy processing plants. The checklist is classified in four sections as follows: first) 8 questions for hygiene of workers; second) 17 questions for production and processing; third) 8 questions for washing/ disinfectant/ cleaning; fourth) 11 questions for hazard identification and verification. The dairy processing plants were divided to four grades including a) completely desirable; b) desirable; c) medium and d) undesirable. Natamycin was found in 4 samples produced in dairy processing plants with grade "medium". Regarding with the results of grading, 3 (15.7%), 6 (31.5%), 6(31.5%) and 4 (21.3%) of dairy processing plants had grade "completely desirable, desirable, medium and undesirable", respectively. We conclude that employing the hygiene conditions accompanied with HACCP implementation could control the microbial contamination in food stuff. Therefore the usage of preservative would be limited in Doogh.

Sedentary lifestyles, along with diets low in fruits and vegetables, complex carbohydrates and high in fat and total energy are increasing among adolescents. These unhealthy behaviors associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. Healthful dietary behaviors, such as fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents had been reported as inadequate. The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with the fruit and vegetable consumption among high school students applying the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to identify influential variable that be addressed through intervention effort. In a cross-sectional study, multiple-stage randomized sampling was used to select 648 high school students in Isfahan who completed a questionnaire assessing variables of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB): attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control (PBC), intention, and fruit and vegetable consumption. The statistical analysis of the data included descriptive tests, bivariate correlations, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and liner regression. The mean age of participants was 15.63 (SE=1.02) years old. Average daily fruit and vegetable intake reported that about 1.75 and 1.36 per day for girls and 1.46 and 1.25 for boys. The results indicated that the theory performs very well for the explanation of intention and accounted for 43% of the variance. Perceived behavioral control was the strongest predictor of intention, followed by attitude and subjective norms. The findings of this paper show that promotion of students’ perceived behavioral control, and intention to high fruit and vegetable consumption should be priorities of any programs aimed at promoting healthy behaviors among students. It is also concluded that planned behavior theory the may be used as a framework for promoting healthy eating behaviors among adolescents.

Frozen dough technology makes it possible to access fresh bread with a minimum need for equipment and with minimal skilled personnel at any time. In this study the impact of freezing rate and degree of pre-fermentation on quality factors of Sangak frozen dough and its bread was assessed. The pre-fermentation was between 0 and 120 min (full proving time), for every 30 min, and the corresponding secondly (or final) fermentation was between 120 and 0 min, respectively, to obtain total fermentation time of 120 min. The dough was formed in a flat shape with 3, 6 or 9 mm thickness and prefermented. The prefermented doughs was frozen under -25 °C. It was followed by 1-day storage at -18 °C and then a second fermentation and then to finish the fermented dough was baked. Sangak frozen dough quality was assessed by measuring yeast survival after thawing. Characteristics of frozen dough bread were evaluated by measuring density after baking. The statistical analysis was performed in factorial test based on completely randomized design (p < 0.05). Results showed that viability of yeast increased by decreasing dough thickness, so that at 3 mm the most viability was observed. The maximum yeast viability was observed at short pre-fermentation (30 min). The lowest bread density was obtained at 3 mm thickness and 30 min pre-fermentation. Freezing had an adverse effect on quality factors of frozen dough and its bread. Short pre-fermentation and lower thickness can obtain optimum conditions to produce Sangak frozen dough.

A flatoxins are one of the most important types of mycotoxins that are produced by Aspergillus species such as A. flavus and A. parasiticus on contaminated feed. A flatoxin M1 (AFM1) is excreted in milk of those lactating animals which have ingested a flatoxin B1 contaminated feed. The aim of this study is to determine the presence and level of aflatoxin M1 in white Iranian cheese produced by Isfahan dairy factories. A total of 20 cheese samples were randomly collected from five factories and levels of a flatoxin M1 was evaluated by ELISA method. The results of AFM1 levels analysis (ng/kg) in fifty white cheese samples showed that concentration of AFM1 was between 72-297 ng/kg. 33 out of 50 samples (66%) were contaminated by AFM1 and the mean of AFM1 level in positive samples was 162.7 ng/kg. Also, AFM1 level in 6 samples (18.8% of positive samples) was higher than the maximum tolerance limit (250 ng/kg) accepted by the European countries. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) between the mean concentration of AFM1 in tested cheese samples. The human health via consumption of contaminated milk and milk products with AFM1 is well known. Therefore, food must be evaluated for aflatoxin and be kept apart from fungal contamination as much as possible.

Although lowering of food cholesterol is an effective way to reduce blood cholesterol, but recently some effective health and bioactivity characteristics of the milk fat components have been identified, so by decreasing the use of milk fat, an important source of fat-soluble vitamins and bioactive components of milk is limited. Recent Studies have shown that the growth of lactic acid bacteria in milk can be effective in reducing the harmful fat in milk. Before introduction of Lactobacillus plantarum A7 (which has different probiotic properties) as a native species with the ability to reduce cholesterol level, it was necessary to know its mechanism of action. The strain was cultured in MRS medium and whole milk containing 70 to 100 µg/ml of water-soluble cholesterol. By isolating the bacteria from the culture medium or milk by centrifugation, isolation of non-fat saponify part of milk and cholesterol Spectrophotometric measurement were performed. The results indicated that the difference in standard cholesterol can be effective on measuring method. Cholesterol concentration did not change during the growth of bacteria in the media and properties of the bacterium in significant reduction of serum cholesterol and triglycerides in mice were not coordinated with activity of bacteria in the extracellular environment and its absorption, digestion or strong binding to the bacterium surface. This study showed that the method used in studies for measuring cholesterol in the medium is not entirely accurate and if the difference between the tested strains’ ability to reduce cholesterol is less than 10 to 20 mg per liter, this method can hardly select the best strains. Probably other mechanisms such as production of short chain fatty acids, which can cause interference on cholesterol metabolism in the body, were the main cause of the effectiveness of this strain in laboratory rats.

Today, in an attempt to reduce the human exposure to synthetic compounds such as chemical preservatives, some studies aimed at the replacement of artificial preservatives with natural ingredients with natural protective effects. In the present study the microbial inhibition effect of Saturejaba chtiarica essential oil in three different concentrations (0.1, 0.05, and 0.025%) was studied in minced beef which had already been contaminated with 103/gr Psoudomonas aeruginosa cells. The study was carried out during the refrigerated period (14 d at 5°C) and changes in the Psoudomonas aeruginosa count together with total microbial count were tracked in a 3 day time intervals. The trial containing 0.1% essential oil appeared to produce the most inhibition effect against the microbial population. However, during the study period all the treated samples showed some degree of antagonistic activity which resulted in the less microbial population than that of the control sample. In conclusion, the possible utilization of essential oil of Saturejaba chtiarica as a natural preservative in cold ground red meat was confirmed by this study.

We are aware of limited data about the effects of purslane on diabetes. Earlier studies have mostly indicated the beneficial effects in animal models. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of purslane seeds on glycemic status and lipid profiles of type 2 diabetic patients. This cross-over randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 48 diabetic patients. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 10 g/d purslane seeds with 240 cc low-fat yogurt (intervention group) or only 240 cc low-fat yogurt (as control group) for 5 weeks. After a 2-week washout period, subjects were moved to the alternate arm for additional 5 weeks. At baseline and end of each phase of study, fasting blood samples were collected to quantify plasma glucose levels as well as serum insulin and lipid profiles. Mean age of study participants was 51.4±6.0 y. We found a significant reduction in weight (-0.57 vs. 0.09 kg, P=0.003) and BMI (-0.23 vs. 0.02 kg/m2, P=0.004) following purslane seeds consumption. Despite a slight reduction in fasting plasma glucose levels (-2.10 vs -2.77 mg/dL, P=0.90), we failed to find any significant effect on serum insulin levels and HOMA-IR score after purslane seeds intake. Furthermore, purslane seeds consumption decreased serum triglyceride levels (-25.5 vs. -1.8 mg/dL, P=0.04) but could not affect serum HDL-, LDL- and total-cholesterol levels. We observed significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (-3.33vs. 0.5 mmHg, P=0.01) and a borderline significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (-3.12 vs. -0.93 mmHg, P=0.09) after purslane intake. In conclusion, consumption of purslane seeds for 5 weeks in type 2 diabetic patients might improve their anthropometric measures, serum triglyceride levels and blood pressure. Further studies are required to determine the appropriate dosage for these patients.

diabetes is a chronic disease that despite of medical and specific treatments has reminded as an important medical problem. Various herbal were presented for treatment of diabetes. One of these plants is Prosopis farcta that was used as hypoglycemic agent in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was investigation of hypoglycemic effect of Prosopis farcta root in diabetes and healthy rats. root of plant was collected from southern area of Iran. Plant was extracted through percolation. Healthy rats were divided to control group and receiver extract (12 g/kg). streptozotocin diabetic rats were divided to six groups. 3 groups were treated by plant extraction (4, 8 and 12 g/dl), one group by Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg), one group by NPH insulin (5IU/kg) and one group by normal saline (1 ml/kg). Blood sample were taken at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 24 and eighth day after treatment from rat tails. Blood glucose levels were measured by glucometer. preliminary photochemical analysis showed root extract consist of tannin, flavonoid, saponin and alkaloid. Root extract with various doses (4, 8 and 12 g/dl) had not any efficacy on decrease of blood glucose among diabetic and healthy rats. Glibenclamide and insulin decrease significantly blood glucose in diabetic rats. No appear that root extract of this plant to be useful on lowering blood glucose. More research are needed to identify another efficacy and chemical component of this plant.

Although fish consumption has inversely been associated with several metabolic abnormalities, limited and inconsistent data have reported the relationship between fish consumption and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to identify the association between fish consumption and metabolic syndrome and its components. In a cross-sectional study conducted on 420 Iranian female adults, usual fish consumption was assessed by the use of a dish-based semi-quantitative FFQ. Fasting blood samples were taken for biochemical assessment. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were done according to standard protocols. The metabolic syndrome was defined based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Mean daily intake of fish was 14.4 g/d. Fish consumption was inversely associated with prevalence of metabolic syndrome; such that those in the highest tertile of fish intake were 65% less likely to have the metabolic syndrome than those in the lowest tertile (odds ratio: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.14-0.88). Controlling for potential confounders and dietary variables strengthened this association (0.05; 0.004-0.64). Even when BMI was taken into account, individuals in the highest category of fish intake were 96% less likely to have metabolic syndrome compared with the lowest (0.04; 0.004-0.61). After adjustment for potential cofounders, high fish intake was inversely associated with lower odds of hypertriglyceridemia (0.11; 0.01, 0.85), low HDL-c (0.57; 0.19-0.89) and elevated blood pressure (0.23; 0.14-0.89). The current investigation indicates that increased fish intake was independently related to the lower risk of metabolic syndrome and its features. Further prospective investigations are warranted to confirm this association.

The human body gets Fluorine from a variety of sources including food and water. This element is essential in order to prevent tooth decay. However, high concentrations of this element led to a lot of dental fluorosis and skeletal injuries. This study aimed to measure the concentration of fluoride in water and tea consumed in the city of Qom. The present study is cross-sectional analysis water and high consumed tea brand samples in the city of Qom in 2012. Fluoride concentrations in water and tea samples were measured by HACH Model DR-4000 spectrophotometer and Ion selective method respectively. The data were analyzed using software SPSS-17. According to the experimental results, the average concentration of fluoride in the drinking water obtained between 0.07-0.63mg/l. The lowest concentrations were related to domestic water treatment systems.Concentration of fluoride in dry tea bag and granular tea were 138.9 and 153.71 mg/kg respectively. The concentration of this element in the tea bags and granular tea infusion were 1.29 and 1.5 mg/l respectively. Results of this study showed that the amount of fluoride in drinking water reduced by the domestic and industrial water treatment systems greatly. So drinking tea could partially compensate for the lack of fluoride in drinking water.

Diabetes is a major risk factor of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease with high mortality. Prevalence of diabetes type 2 is increasing in Middle Eastand Iran. In the current study, relationship between major food patterns and diabetes type 2 were assessed. In this case control study, 332 subjects (110 newly diagnosed cases and 222 controls); 43-77 years of age were selected with simple sampling method. A valid semi- quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to collect dietary intakes of subjects. Anthropometric characteristics and blood pressure were measured with standard instructions and body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (W/H) were calculated. Blood sample was gathered in order to metabolic variables assessment. Factor analysis was used to identify major food patterns. Relationship between major food patterns and diabetes type 2 was assessed by logistic regression analysis. Three major food patterns were identified in our study subjects: the healthy food pattern (rich in vegetables, vegetable oils, fish, fruits and nuts), the mixed food pattern (high consumption of salt, organ meats, dried fruits, poultry, tea, low- fat dairy products and other vegetables) and the traditional food pattern (high consumption of garlic, dough, high- fat dairy products, dried fruits, red meats, grains and animal fat). After controlling for confounding variables, subjects in the highest quartile of mixed and traditional food patterns had 117% (odds ratio: 2.17 and 95% CI: 1.0-4.50) and 113% (odds ratio: 2.13 and 95% CI: 1.03-4.41) higher odds of diabetes type 2, respectively, compared to those in the lowest quartile. Even before and after controlling for confounders, no overall significant relationship was observed between healthy food pattern and diabetes type 2. this study suggests that mixed and traditional food patterns are associated with an increased odd for type 2 diabetes.