فصلنامه مدیریت و برنامه ریزی محیط زیست
پیاپی 10 (زمستان 1392)

Selecting appropriate alternatives to combat desertification based set of logical criteria can be effective in controlling, reclamation of disturbed lands and avoiding destruction areas at risk. This paper try to present the optimum alternatives systematically based on Multiple Attribute Decision Making Model. At the first, indices priority was obtained using harmonic mean method. Then, alternatives priority was assessed by permutation model. The obtained results showed that permutation P2 {(p2=(A18, A23, A31, A33, A20)} has the highest value deviation that introduced as selected permutation to present combat desertification optimum alternatives. On the other hand, Prevention of unsuitable land use changes {A18}, vegetation cover development and reclamation {A23}, and change of ground water harvesting {A31} are the most important desertification alternatives in the study area, respectively.

Nowadays, tourism is considered in the framework of projects of international, national, regional and local logistics as one of the important tools and components of development, decentralization and regional balance. The purpose of this research, is reviewing and evaluating ecological potential of extensive outdoor recreation in Haftad Qolleh arak protected area to get the best method for making money, protection and exploitation of the region. This method was acted using Dr. Makhdoom’s common land logistics, and by gathering and creating basic region maps, with scale of 1/50000 including regional scale, slop, aspect, height, pedology, vegetation, geology and climate in the environment of software (ARCGIS 9.3) and creating digit model of the entire region and environmental units for determining usage of extensive outdoor recreation The results of this study show that from 97410 hectares, 67579 hectares is related to extensive outdoor recreation that according to the plans, Haftad Qolleh arak protected area is suitable for extensive outdoor recreation usage.

Despite an impressive legal and administrative structure, the desired protection for the environment has yet to be achieved. This is due to many problems in the implementation of environmental protection legislation. Undoubted the proper infrastructure needed to achieve predetermined objectives of the law. This study by investigating the process of implementing environmental laws and necessary infrastructure to implement these regulations, has analyzed Lack of proper enforcement of environmental laws in Iran. The results indicate that a host of problems, including the lack of an independent legal entity with adequate monitoring and implementation authority and insufficient human and financial resources, weak criminal laws in dealing with environmental violations are the main challenges for the implementation of environmental laws in Iran.

Camping, their related environmental problem and heavy costs of managing them, are main problems that in every country are faced with. The only solution to these problems is a proper managing system. Which is based on engineering principals and comprises planning, social and economical parameters. One of the most important steps in this procedure is to select a suitable site for camping. Otherwise irreversible damages would affect the natural resources of the region. Golestan National Park, regarding its unique geographical situation, biodiversity and eco-touristic attractions, has a high potential for camping. This study has been conducted based on extensive research and field survey. The aim of this study is analyzing the criteria and selecting the most important one, through 3 criteria and 3 sites, using MCDM technique combined with GIS. The criteria used in this study are local landscapes and facilities, the distance from conservation main core, and the distance from gardens and agricultural land. Regarding these, the best criteria, and the most suitable site which showed a medium potential were selected as the most proper site for camping. The results show that camping the MCDM technique by AHP method has a great potential in camping site selection.

In recent decades, increasing population density in coastal areas and its consequences has destroying coastal species and ecosystems. In this regard, during the past decades; construction of artificial reefs has been suggested as an effective tool for reconstruction and rehabilitation of damaged marine habitats and brings them before the damage. In the present paper, the advantages and benefits of artificial reefs in in marine ecosystems have been studied. The main advantages of artificial reefs in coastal areas are: increasing the diversity of aquatic organisms, increase the amount of biomass resources, biomass distribution, prevent from coastal erosion, improve the economic conditions of the native community, increased opportunities for scientific research. The most important negative consequences of artificial reefs in coastal areas are; indiscriminate harvesting of aquatic organisms, contamination of the aquatic environment, Smother of aquatic organisms during the establishment of artificial reefs, changes in the natural processes of sedimentation and sediments contaminated with debris.

The increased exploitation of river materials and related pollutions, show the necessity for planning and comprehensive approach to solve environmental problems. The aim of this study is to combine the capabilities of GIS and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDM) for site selection of sand mining in rivers with emphasis on environments criteria. At first, effective measures in the process of site selection is identified and important coefficients by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method are determined. Then, the GIS layers of the most important criteria in digital format, are provided. With overlaying of these layers, site selection map is provided. This map indicates the suitable location for exploiting of river materials. Hablehrud River in the Iran, a main resource of sand mining, has been chosen as a case study. According to the results of this study, the most important environmental criteria for site selection of sand mining in Hablehrud River include: status of topography and geomorphology of the area, distance from residential areas, distance from agricultural lands, distance from protected areas, distance from faults and natural hazards, landscape features and aesthetic values and recreation, status of vegetation, distance from groundwater resources. With comparing the location of the existed mines in the Hablehrud Basin with map of site selection, it was observed that none of the existed mines were located in a suitable location. Thus, revising for assignment of new mines and extending of the existing mines license is necessary.

Pay attention to environment planning based on sustainable and suitable land resources usage and prevent environmental crisis, is one of the new issues that is attractive to state governments. Planning to balance environment and equipping development centers with extension infrastructure capacity with consideration to capability, status, environmental consideration, is one of the most important policy of the economic development of the country. However, many methods and tools for urban planning and environmental planning for achieving sustainable human settlement tend to provide local scale projected. In this research, attributes of Mehrabad in Damavand investigate in local scale. The study area is located at a distance of about 110 kilometer of Tehran. Tehran’s neighborhood villages are affected by the economic characteristic, land use, social and cultural development. Environmental planning of Mehrabad is accomplished with the planning process and GIS in 1:50000 to 1:250000 scales. Due to the model the physical development plan and program to guide the change and development in zone commensurate according to the capability and limitation of natural and man-made environment are presented.