فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصادی
پیاپی 105 (زمستان 1392)

Sarcheshmeh copper complex is one of the largest industrial-mining complexes in the world and is the largest copper producer in Iran. Despite this، a huge amount of SO2 gas is produced and enters the environment in this complex. Therefore، this study investigates the value of improvement in air quality and estimates the marginal willingness to pay curve. For this purpose، OOHB DCCV method has been used. A sample of 2158 households was chosen، based on the stratified sampling method. The respondents’ WTP was then elicited through a series of face-to-face interviews. Results showed that 87. 3% of the respondents were able to express a positive WTP for the reduction of SO2 emission from this complex and the improvement in air quality worth 719252. 75$ for the regional people. Estimated marginal willingness to pay curve has a rising positive slope. This curve can be a useful tool for policy makers on the use of economic instruments (e. g. tax and subsidies) to control this pollutant.

According to endogenous tariff hypothesis، tariff is endogenously determined by the set of political economy factors. Using the Co- integrated VAR approach and in the framework of the hypothesis، the present study examined the determinants of tariff protection in Iran over the period 1971-2010. Based on the results، though no evidence has been obtained about the impact of unemployment and import penetration rate on forming protection policies in Iran but the significant effect of non oil product، the share of industrial sector، the share of oil income and real exchange rate indicate the importance of political economy atmosphere and economic factors in forming the policies. In sum، the hypothesis is verified and in this framework، we suggest that we should pay more attention to the role of the factors effecting economic liberalization policies as well as the reduction of dependency on oil income and government size in order to increasing the success and continuation of the policies.

Knowing income inequality in socio-economic subgroups helps us to achieve justice. The main goal of this study is to evaluate، decompose and compare the Theil and Atkinson inequality indices in terms of the inequality within and inequality between urban and rural area in Tehran province during the 3rd and the 4th Economic Development Program of Iran. Doing so، we used the micro households'' data along 2000 till 2007. The results show that the contributions of inequality within Tehran Province were respectively belong to urban area، rural area and between them inequality. The results of analyse of Variance represent no statistical significance in the seemed difference between inequality at the first three years of the 3rd and the 4th Iran''s Economic Development Program. According to these، reducing inequality in Tehran province needs to focus on inequality within Urban Areas.

Given the lack of comprehensive explanation about the effective factors of fair wages and a complete mismatch between Labor Force and employers about that، in this paper with completing the missing loupes in the Akerlof theory «fair wages - effort Hypothesis»، possibility of practical realization of the fair wage on productivity will provided. In this regard، after the theoretical analysis and testing the Akerlof theory، multiple factors affecting the determination of fair wages، through qualitative interviews، and questionnaires completed by representatives from labor & employers groups and academic experts on the labor market، is measured. With using software SPSS17 and EXCEL، constitutive factors of fair wages and the priority of those factors in Iran were tested.

Using a choice experiment survey، the marginal willingness to pay (WTP) among Iranian households to avoid power outages is estimated. The results indicate that households prefer lower price of alternatives and the low duration and frequency of outages، and the factors of outage day، outage time and warning in advance of outage are important to households'' preferences. Moreover، the conditional logit model with interaction effects of SED variables allows us to explain the unobserved heterogeneity of preferences. The results of this model show that the marginal WTP increases with increasing of household’s expenditure، age of respondent and electricity consumption in the last period. Given that households have negative welfare effects from outages، it is important that policy makers consider these negative impacts on household utility when deciding about reliability of electricity network.

Today، the discussion of regularity monetary policy in achieving inflation and output gap stabilization is important. In this paper، we investigated the persistence of the output gap in Iran economy and then by using a hybrid New Keynesian model based on quarterly data for 1990:1- 2011:3. We compared three alternative instrumental rules in monetary policy for Iran economy. The results indicated that in Iran economy: firstly، output gap is forward- looking and has little degree of persistence. Secondly، inflation targeting rule in comparison with the price level and speed limit targeting rule has the lowest social loss. In addition، the result of estimating coefficients under alternative rules showed that in comparison with other instrumental rules، inflation targeting and the first equation of price-level targeting، have well predicting power، especially in long-term forecasting horizons.

One of the most important variables in each country which attracts the attention of policymakers is inflation. In the inflation targeted system، it is important to target the low and stable inflation clearly and directly as the main policy. On the other hand the stability of prices which is an important result of targeted inflation is a necessary condition to achieve sustainable levels of economic growth. On this ground we are going to study the targeted inflation proportional to economic growth during the Fourth Economic Plan by applying optimal control method. The objective function here is the social loss function which will be minimized through genetic algorithms in the form of binding function of GA. The constraint of the function will be estimated by econometric of Seemingly Unrelated Regressions. To measure the impact of control variables on variables of situation we plan different scenarios. As a result we will see that during the 4th Development Plan tools of monetary policy are more influential than the tools of financial policy.

In present study، role of agricultural on ECO countries regional convergence was assessed in dynamic panel data model. At first، ECO countries convergence and agricultural sector effect in convergence acceleration was surveyed by generalized method of moments (GMM) over the period 1996-2005. Results showed that، this is convergence between ECO countries. In spite of increasing regional growth، the agricultural sector had negative effect in convergence acceleration; and it caused decreasing regional convergence speed. Therefore، it was suggested to ECO countries with agricultural sector development and restrictions contained in this section could provide clear perspective for the future planning in order to promote regional convergence.

Establishment of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum in Tehran in 2001 has proved to be one of the most important changes in the gas market. GECF has a considerable share in the world Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) trade. Facts show that current routes of LNG trade are not optimal. Hence، in this paper we examine the development of cooperative strategies between countries exporting (LNG) and members of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF). To follow this goal، first we study the statue of GECF members in gas market، and then using a simple linear programing approach we find the optimal LNG trade routes for GECF members. The numerical results suggest that، in the absence of geopolitical problems، this cooperative strategy will probably be a rational move for all of the LNG exporters. The problem of gain sharing is then formulated using cooperative game theory concepts.