فصلنامه اخلاق پزشکی
پیاپی 28 (تابستان 1393)

Medicine is a profession. Professions are groups that declare in a public way which their members promise to in a certain ways and have higher goals. The profession presents itself to the community as a social benefit. It usually issues codes of ethics stating the standards by which its members can be judged. In this study our goal is investigations of ethical codes of medical professionalism or characters of physicians in views of Islamic teaching. A library study of Quran verses, hadith and Islamic articles about medical professionalism or characters of physicians has been undertaken. The most important medical ethics codes in Islamic texts was found by Hazrat Ali (AS) and Imam Sadegh (AS) statements which are: 1- piety, 2- seriousness and effort, 3- compassion and benevolence, 4- knowledge, 5- trusts. Islamic teachings introduce an important ethical code that is the most important code which is available. It is the same ethical code of prophets, Imams and believers. It has all other values and ethical codes within itself. Piety code that is headed of ethical codes and caused the popularity of God, accompanied God, having knowledge and wisdom and distinction, things become easy, abundant daily bread and to be saved.

Patient satisfaction is an important indicator of the quality of care and service delivery. Patient satisfaction reflects the ability of medical staff and patient's rights. The first step is awareness of patient's views and expectations. We aimed to investigate hospitalized patients’ satisfaction from the hospital services in teaching hospitals in Tehran, the capital of Iran. In this cross-sectional study, by using simple random sampling views of 286 patients who, were discharged had been asked. A self-report questionnaire was used to collect data. Face and content analyses were used to obtain the validity of questionnaire, and the questionnaire reliability was obtained via Cronbach's Alfa. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software. 63.99%, 57.6% and 72.37% of patients were satisfied from general, medical and nursing services respectively. Most satisfaction was related to the health care responses to patient's questions and requests and the lowest was related to access to the medical staff when they needed. This study test showed that there was significant relationship between age, sex and educational level with patient's satisfaction from clinical services (P<0/001). Result showed that employed patients with health insurance had more satisfaction than those without insurance (P=0.001). Although patient's satisfaction level of service delivery was total satisfaction. Patients dissatisfaction can show the neglecting patients’ bill of rights, but in the areas it seems some shortages and dissatisfactions that happen, it is needed to be resolved with the accurate and expertise fallow up.

Movements that emerged with the concept of patient right and purpose of increase patient' satisfaction and advance health care to them, cause more and more attention has been observation and knowledge Standards of medical ethics that including the rights of patients. Awareness about medical ethical standards is necessary for Appropriate ethical performance

This research is a descriptive study. 39 medical science students (midwifery, intern, medical intern’s women and gynecologist student) that were busy to produce health care services in department of labor, five chosen hospitals training of Tehran in, that was selected by available sampling. Tool was a dichotomous questionnaire a researcher made and includes demographic data and 15 questions about medical ethic. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistic and Correlation Coefficients and SPSS software version 17.

Average score of student´s awareness of medical were derived 8/53±2/07 from maximum 15 that is intermediate level in this research. Between age and educational field's student and awareness score were not significant (p≥0/05).

Person's awareness effect on their function in organization, so determining awareness level of health provider’s cause to detecting shortages and programming for promotion their awareness and it can effective on their functions, patients of satisfaction and upgrades health and therapeutic services.

Medication errors are the most common errors that threaten patient safety, increase patients mortality, and hospital costs. This study investigated the relationship between the incidences of medication errors and nurse’s professional commitment. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive-analytic study. Through a stratified sampling method, 300 nurses were selected. Data were collected by a three-part questionnaire consisted of demographic data, professional commitment scale and medication errors questionnaire. Data were analyzed on SPSS software using descriptive and statistics and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The participants were between 22-50 years old and the majorities of them were women (86.7%) and married (64%). The mean of medication errors score for each nurses in recent 3 months was 15.11 and the score of professional commitment was 86 (high commitment). The relationship between error incidence and nurse’s professional commitment was not statistically significant (p=0.320). Thus it can be concluded that there is no significant difference in the incidence of medication errors between both low and high professional committed nurses.

Moral distress is one of the major health issues that can affect the quality of nursing work life and fails to achieve health goals. One of the major issues affecting the development of moral distress phenomenon is euthanasia. Although the occurrence of the phenomenon according to religious and legal structures in Iran is impossible; But it also could underlie attitude to events; among the causes of moral distress in nursing is discussed. Cross - sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between the phenomenon of moral distress and euthanasia is performed. A quota sample of subjects selected from hospitals in Kerman and data were collected to Corly moral distress and attitudes toward euthanasia questionnaire. The results indicate that the intensity and frequency of moral distress among nurses attitudes towards euthanasia is not significant relation (P>0/05). Average of moral distress in nurses (2/7±0/57) and the average attitude towards euthanasia (0/9± 1/5) were reported.According to this issue euthanasia is one of the reasons which produce moral distress in nurses but maybe Low nurse’s attitudes prevent it. Levels of moral distress planning and attention needed to understand this phenomenon and to increase nurse's coping mechanisms they to require and as a result come that this phenomenon cannot have an important role in creation of moral distress in Iranian nurses, nonetheless, levels of moral distress necessitate planning and attention for introducing this phenomenon to the nurses and increasing coping mechanisms in them.

Introduction and propose: According to some evidence in most countries. Nurses with high educational qualifications, are not qualified to express their ideas. This study aims to determine the level of Master of Science nursing students’ ethical reasoning and its related factors. This descriptive correlation study was conducted in Tehran, 2012. Samples of the study consisted of 236 master nursing students. The instrument used in it was nursing dilemma test (NDT) questionnaire which was based on Kohlberg theory of ethical development. In this study, 27 nursing students (11.3%) pre-conventional level, 68 students (28.7%) in conventional and 112 nursing students (47.8%) in the post-conventional and 29 (12.1%) nursing students were within the clinical considerations. Also, the experience level of nursing students ' moral reasoning was significant negative correlation was found. This study showed that although about half of the nursing students in the post-conventional stage of moral development were acceptable, but still a significant number of them are in the lower level of moral development. This shows the need for greater attention to moral education nursing students in planning nursing courses.

Hopelessness as a cognitive factor is characterized by negative expectancies about future and is observed in many psychological disorders. The aim of the present study was to examine the predicting role of personality characteristics and patience components in the hopelessness of university students. Five hundred and sixteen university students at Shiraz University were recruited via random cluster sampling method. These participants filled Goldberg’s 50- item personality questionnaire (Short Form), the Patience Scale and Beck’s Hopelessness Scale. According to the results of multiple regression analysis, the Big Five factors of Personality, predicted hopelessness and its subscales. Patience components predicted negatively hopelessness and its subscales. Moreover, the combination of the Big Five factors of personality and patience components predicted hopelessness and its subscales. The results indicated that personality and patience are important variables in predicting hopelessness. Thus, taking these two psychological constructs into consideration is important in the treatment of depression and hopelessness.