نشریه مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری
پیاپی 2 (پاییز 1382)

The Supply of tourism courses has grown considerably over the past three decades. Such growth has been fuelled by the rapid expansion of the industry and recognition by governments that tourism contributes significantly to local and national economies. The article raises critical questions that tourism stakeholders need to acknowledge if tourism, both as an industry and as a Iiele of study, is to sustain itself in the long term. To meet the evolving needs of stakeholders, this article proposes that tourism education should become more specialists in nature. The authors farward a three• domain model of tourism education based on generic, functional, and product I market - based themed degree routes. The article outlines a cost I benefig analysis of consideration of tourism education for the key stakeholders and puts forward an action plan for its implementation.

Several Factors Has Effected In Tourism Industry Development. One of Them Is Culture Which Has Been Viewed From Attitued, Customs And Institutions In Tourism Societies Which Worked in Economics, Politics And etc. The Way of thinking And Behavior Depends on Culture And Can Be Used In Some Sources Among Tourists And This ls The Collura! Relativism. In The Time Being In Tourism Industry, Global Culture Is Important Which Effected And The Public Has Been Encouraged Bu One Of The Culture. Know The Aspects of Culture In Global ls Divided In to Collectivism And Individualism. Collectivism Culture Belongs To The Third World And Individualism Culture Is Used To Developed Countries On The Other.

This paper shows that it is difficult, if not impossible, to formulate policies that guarantee that tourism can be maintained for a long time without severely impacting on the environment. The analysis is purely theoretical and is based on very simple and general assumptions about the interactions between the three main components of the system: the tourists, the environment, and the capital. Agreat part of the challenge of modeling interactions between natural and social processes in tourism planning has to do with the fact that processes in these systems result in complex carrying capacity behavior. Most attempts to measure tourism's scale and impact are linked to the concept of carrying capacity. Some authors stress the conceptual and methodological problems of measuring tourism while others search for more precise descriptions of overrun. Visitor capacity is defined as the supply of visitor opportunities that will be Hand Culture In Political Point of View ls Divided In Three Different Aspects, One Is Parachial Political Culture Second Is subjective Political Culture. And The Third Is Participation on Political Culture Which Is Most Effecting In Tourism Industry Development. In Overall In Tourism Progress Some Changes Is Needed In Cultural Behavior.

Every Community interested in developing tourism to enhance or divers if ytheir economy wants to know how much good tourism can do for them. While tourism is not the answer to every community's economic challenges, it can provide economic benefits inmany cases. These economic benefits must then be compared to the social, cultural and environmental changes that tourism might bring in order to judge its acceptability in community economic development efforts. Translating visitors pending into economic impacts requires some information about the state or local economy, as well as procedures for dealing with good that visitors purchase at retail establishments. While some economic benefits and costs are very difficult to calculate, total economic impacts can be estimated relatively easily. In this paper a descripition of terms is provided first, next, the formulas.

The contribution of tourism and travel to both industrialized and developing countries is now so great that any changes in the level of activity in the industry are a cause for concern. There have been many instances where the tourism industry in one or more countries has suffered an unexpected and sudden downturn in demand. Policy makers are faced with the predicament of if and how they should respond to such crises in the absence of research into the relative effectiveness of different responses. TI1is paper shows that it is difficult, if not impossible, to formulate polices that guarantee that tourism can be maintained for a long time. This paper examines constructing a computable general model to analyze the effects of tourism crisis and potential and actual policy responses to the crisis.A panel Discussion model is a useful tool in forecasting and evaluating tourism demand. The model is built around a set of data taken from national accounts sources. The input• output table is derived from the national input-output table, with additional considered. The main objectives of this paper were to develop a planning tool as well as the assessment of land use paucn and quantitative and qualitative estimation of tourists, and its management, with reference to conservation, and determination of demographic trends. Based on the carrying capacity, estimating the hotel bed capacity is possible. Summarizing the core of Butler's theory is another related concept which is being described, according to which in an unexploited area, the tourists are initally only a few people and their number grows very slowly (exploration). Following this discovery period, there is a phase of rapid growth, in general accompanied by a cocomitant capital development, and, finally, a stagnation phase. accommodated in an area. It is the prescribed number of visitors at one time that will be accommodated. Experts have often made use of the concept of carrying capacity in addressing the tourism that is developed and managed in such a way that all tourism activity- which in some way focuses on cultural of nature heritage resources - can continue to grow. Carrying capacity is simply the largest number of any given type of tourists that a destination can support without making any socio-cultural and natural negative effect. One suggestion for dealing with the impacts of tourism has been a call for establishing a tourism carrying capacity for different regions. Carrying capacity is fundamentally a quantitative term, arrived at through asking "How many is too many?" But the problems associated with increasing tourism arc not so much a function of numbers, as of behavior. Instead of trying to determine some' magic number', that itself varies according to climate, type, and perceptions of use, we should ask, "What are the acceptable/appropriate conditions for our country?" Carrying capacities in nature are not fixed, static, or simple relations. They are contingent on technology, preferences, and the structure of production and consumption. Most recent studies on "carrying capacity" do not try to set a magic Number that is a so- called optimal number of visitors. Several factors including seasonality and distribution across the region must be.

Coastal regions of Iran spread in vast areas in north and south of country. Assessment of these areas in human and physical specifications point of view can help us for developing of tourism industry in these areas. One of the major specifications that we must have more attention to it, arc coastal landforms. Therefore, assessment of distribution and evolution of them is very important. In fact, there are many landforms in coastal areas that reorganization of them and its effective on the development of tourism industry is very important, potentials and limitations by these landforms in relation to select of tourism site and development of settlements must be considered by government and tourism company. There are many landforms in coastal area of south and north of Iran. These areas attract many tourist and we ought to have attention to these landforms seriously. in fact if we will have thought to sustainable tourism industry in Iran, we must assessed of coastal area in geomorphology point of view and distribution and evolution of landforms and its effective in tourism industry. data on GDP by industry and national income and product account data used to update this table. The model is both theoretical and applied and is based on very simple and general assumptions about the interactions between the three main components of the system: the tourists, the environment, and the Capital. These assumptions are encapsulated in a so- called panet discussion model, used to predict the economic and environmental impact of any given policy. This paper is of value for three reasons. First, it introduces the approach of forecasting models in the context of tourism, which has traditionally been dominated by the use of economertic models Second, the specific results are quite interesting. In fact, tourism sustainabillity can be achieved, provided agents are prudent about reinvesting their profits and compatible behavior to an unprofitable or incompatible one. Third, although not directly related to the problem of tourism but rather to the general topic of sustainability, this is one of the first times that the notion of sustainability, which is more and more pervasive in the field of resource management, is interpreted strictly in terms of the structural properties of the attractors of a dynamic system. This creates an important and promising bridge between sustainability and bifurcation theory, one of the most important areas of systems analysis.

At the closing of the 20th century, benefiting from many years of research and scholarship on tourism, UNESCO''s documents outlining the scope and nature of its 1996 Paris seminar on Cu/lure, Tourism, Development. Crucial Issues for the 2/ «Centmydeclared that» tourism would not exist without culture «. According to its seminar program, culture is one of the principal motivations for the tourist movement, and any form of tourism provokes a cultural effect on both the host and guest Culture and Tourism. At the dawn of the new century, this sine qua non relationship between culture and tourism has stood the test of the time. The 2000 AIEST''s congress program, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the association, appropriately returns to this research theme

Almost all economists and commentators as well as government officials and other policy - makers have accepted that the tourism industry is an important source of foreign earnings for a country. This is especially true of those countries, such as Iran and other developing countries, which are dependent on export income from the export of raw materials that are always affected by large price lluctuations.<1) Tourism, therefore, has been regarded as an important element in l-See.for example: ABull. 1lte Economics of Travel and Tourism (Wiley. NCv York. 1996): S.F. Vitt. and C.A win Moedlling and Forecasting Demand in Tourism (Routeldge. London, 1990); and D.H.Lundberg. ., M.H. Stavenga and 1-1. Krishnamoorthy Tourism Economics (John Wiley & Sons, NewYork.1995).