فصلنامه پژوهشگران فرهنگ
پیاپی 33 (پاییر و زمستان 1392)

The Orient witnessed a great deal of modern intellectual changes during the thirteenth century H. Q., roughly equivalent to the nineteenth century A. D. Iran, like most other nations of the East, bore reformist scholars whose modern ideas built the intellectual reformist columns of the time. Though not recognized as he deserves, Mirza Aqa khan Kermani (1853-1896) is among the most intellectually influential figures of his time. Reviewing his biography, the present paper aims at studying Kermani’s family origin, his psychological features and the socio-political context of his time which constituted the elements of his intellectual personality. Subsequently, the effect of the above-mentioned factors on his rational transition, political life, thoughts, doctorines as well as his attitude towards his community will be analayezed through a historical approach.

God, in different aspects, has considered life after death, Purgatory and afterlife in Quran in which there are at least twenty verses that imply Purgatory and generally clear the existence of it. This article tries to study Purgatory in the mentioned verses and draws the reader's attention to the reality of Purgatory; So that he organizes his manner and thinks of fundamental steps. Therefore, in this article it is indicated the conceptualization of Purgatory, the commentary on the mentioned verses from the viewpoints of past and recent scholars, the philosophy of Purgatory and finally the heaven and hell of Purgatory and its difference with eternal heaven and hell in order to explain that world. The aim of this research is to extract worthy rules and measures about Purgatory from the content of Holy Quran in a manner that as a functional technique they adjust the mortal life, although human lost their profound relationship with death and life after death and even considers it as the end of everything. But the analyses of Quran's verses and the narrations of the household of the Prophet of Islam show that death is not the end of life but the beginning of a real and eternal one.

Kerman is one of the most spectacular cities in Iran, featuring ancient places and natural sites. This is why besides having beautiful urban design; it can be one of the most attractive places for tourists and visitors in the country. Unfortunately despite all the latent potentials of the city as well as the province, during its developing period, the city was unsuccessful in attracting remarkable number of visitors or even achieving citizen friendly standards, due to plenty of shortcomings including tourist service deficiency, lack of appropriate and coherent social, cultural and urban planning, and so on. One of the elements introducing native characteristics, urban design principles and regional culture and facilities in each city is its entrances. (This is while) In Iran, along with progress in fields of art and knowledge in present time, especially academically, these places have not received sufficient attention. They lack any defined social, cultural or public function, whereas they are expected be treated and regarded more considerably and receive appropriately defined function and better appearance, according to their rich historical background and natural potentials and facilities available. This is not possible unless present and past situation of the case is studied and regional potentials to resolve some of the demands of urban society are recognized and considered. Through studying the role and position of city entries, specifically Kerman city, which is the main object of this article, we are looking after results and facts to help propose solutions to turn these places to lively ones for touristy, recreational, social and cultural activities. This article is documented on studying the history of city entries, while descriptions and analysis are presented based on field studies in present demands and requirements of Kerman citizens along with city entries appearances at the present time.

The main part of each person's character depends on his family and the community in which he has grown up. Islam is the perfect religion and mirrors the best human characters for training; So as we live in an Islamic Society in order to reach the holy and divine goals the best way is to understand, grasp and resort to divine paradigms means the household of the prophet of Islam. Therefore, The Holy Fatimah as the only daughter of the Prophet, the mother of Holy Mohammadi offspring, the prominent and trained paradigm of revelation and source of accomplishments should be taken as a model for understanding the household of the prophet of Islam and as the best mother and teacher of Islamic education. To accomplish this, the present qualitative article studies the prominent educational characters of The Holy Fatimah's life and explicates the best framework of educational principles by applying the related valid documents. Finally, it reminds that as a wife, mother and … The Holy Fatimah is the best human paradigm and training magnanimous people such as Imam Hossein (peace be upon him), The Holy Zeinab (peace be upon her) and The Holy Om-e-Kolsoum is its valid examples. By reminding these instructive points it is hoped that we follow them in our life.

The aim of this study is to compare Molana's viewpoint and the contemporary theorists about the importance of addressee in the process of speech communication. Because in this field most of these studies have been about the state of speaker's speaking and less about the state of listening and the addressee's position; Whereas communication is a bilateral process, both speaker and addressee have an important role in it and in addition there is difference between listening and hearing. Hearing is a physical, passive and involuntary act but listening is a mental, active and voluntary process which needs great effort and thought. Therefore in this study listening process and its difference with hearing has been defined and the viewpoints of communication experts, psychologists and other theorists about the different phases of listening process such as paying attention and comprehending has been explained and compared with Molana's viewpoint.

In all epochs of Persian literature, the human with meaning of "Who is the human"i has no position and just in theosophical literature we can find humanism to some extent. Among ancient Persian literature, just Saadi mentions life then to human. Except Saadi and theosophical literatures, almost all literatures are out of this approach and what is said tending to human is philanthropy not humanism. It is clear that the creating of each literature impresses from the environment that its creator evolves in it. Undoubtedly, all literatures which spread in 1960's from years of 1953 to 1978, react by dominate space of political, social and some liberal of that decade. Dominate space of this decade which faces revolutionary movements in many countries, is a protest space. This protest space provokes mention to human so that reflects in "Savushun" by Simin Daneshvar and "The School Principal" by Jalal Al-e- Ahmad. The main emphasis of this article is on the understanding of human position in these two works.

Today due to cultural differences, gradually private baths have replaced public baths and only few of them remain in different cities that maintain their function. Therefore Ethnological study of Kerman baths is effective in order to introduce cultural values, to familiarize people with their cores of cultural identity and inform them about the importance of what they have in their culture. (Generally, recognizing culture of Kermani people and recording it spiritually). In present paper, since the subject is Ethnological, the main methodology is field-based and the researcher looks for findings by attending in the field under study, collects information and observes events and phenomenon. In this paper the supplementary methodology is historical supplementary. And the tools like observation, involvement observation, informal and formal interview with Kermani old (experienced) Dallacks, painting and scene designing and technical equipment in field research such as photography, film taking and sound recording have been used to collect data.

Considering the organizational health is one of the necessary contexts of management. Since the teachers and principals have the responsibility of realizing multiple goals besides their own personal problems, they tolerate considerable stress which has severe effect on their physical health and organizational performance. Also it has some negative effects on principals efficiency and is associated with work decrement. Thus analysis of stress in Education Organization and assessment of stressors intensity and their effects are necessary and have special importance. Therefore, the main goal of this investigation is to study stress in principals, teachers and students. For this purpose, firstly the effective factors, physical and psychological symptoms and influences of stress on principals, teachers and students are studied. And finally some strategies and suggestions have been provided to confront this stress. The present study is theoretical from library kind, data is qualitative which studies, classifies, categorizes and analyzes some theories about stress by descriptive- analytical method. The tools to collecting information are various note - makings from books, computer issues, theses, articles and so on. The study findings show that many factors play roles in establishing stress. Different people like principals, teachers and students are influenced by stress in various ways. Also to confront stress, at first stress factors and contexts must be identified and then some appropriate strategies are used.

The main purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between parent's level of education and styles of mother's devotion (secure, avoidable, ambivalent) with adjustment (educational, social, emotional) of girls students in third grade of public high schools of district two, 2011-2012. Therefore, it was chosen 313 girls students with random cluster method out of public high schools of district two and because of the drop the sample size reduces to 295 people. The data was examined by parent's devotion measure (RAAS) and adjustment questionnaire (AISS) as well as a question consisting parent's level of education. Obtained data was analyzed gradually by descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and regression analysis to examine the research findings. The regression analysis shows that parent's level of education and styles of devotion explain the variances of educational adjustment at 16%, social adjustment at 17%, and emotional adjustment at 11%.

The aim of this article is to study the relationship between life quality and social responsibility of Kerman citizens (AFzalipour residence). According to the undeniable role of social responsibility in solidarity, community development and the need for its scientific investigations, we tried to analyze the relationship between the discussed variables with the social life quality of the citizens and to have statistical description and explanation of this relationship with the functionality approach. This is a social survey method and the data has been collected through a questionnaire based on 69 questions and designed based on Likert type and it is also researcher- made. The population consists of people between 18- 64 years of age, residing in Afzalipour complex which estimated to be 2400. The sample size is 267, and the sampling is stratified. The research findings show a fairly high correlation between variables related to life quality and social responsibility. The regression analysis shows that the mentioned variables (social desirability, basic necessities, general values, and social abilities) have been able to explain the variance of the dependent variable (social responsibility) at 31%. Due to the demographic variables and according to the results of Mann Whitney and Kroskal Wallis tests, it can be said that there are significant differences between the variables of sex, level of education, occupation, age, and social responsibility of the citizens. The results of this survey show that there is a direct relationship between the low level of life quality and the low level of social responsibility. Since the quality of life is based on public interpretations and minds, having negative ones can demoralize the social commitments and responsibilities.