پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 30 (بهار 1392)

During the firstperiod of Abbasid Caliphate (132-232-AH) many texts have been translated from a Pahlavi to Arabic Language the authors aim was to remain alive Iran culture and civilization and protect it from Arab‟s attacks then they began (sheubieh) movement as a literel movement and by utilizing Abbasid caliphs interest in obtaining the events of kings character managing estate tradition and bureaucracy system of Sasanian age made legitimate their own action. Ibn-Moghafaa is one of translators who could translate some Pahlavi books to Arabi where by effecting the Caliphate‟s characters and protecting Iran culture and literature.The aim of the paper is illustrating Ibn – Moghafaa‟s aims from translating the texts to Arabic.

Kashmir, which is located on north Indian subcontinent, due to its historical, geographical and strategic situation has invariably been drew attention. Shia is one of groups which has played role in political history of Kashmir and the developments which is resulted from it. Starting point of arrival of Shias and gaining political power in Kashmir is immigration of Iranian to the territory from mid-8th century of hegira. Thus the paper, through historical method based on qualification and analysis, seeks to determine Shias‟ role in political development of Kashmir in the Shah Miri, Chak and Mughal dynasty eras from 735 to 1288 of hegira. Findings of the paper shows that governance of Shia during the era has led to reduction of political crisis in Kashmir, development of Shia culture and giving an Iranian nature to the territory, especially through promotion of Persian language and literature.

The Mongols at the same time that primitive people and religions and the doctrine of the universal benefit of time and enjoyed, who all of religion and not pay attention to religion and a part in social and political. Shamanism, a collection of manners and the opinions that the ideology and the Mongols believe inspired and affected by the philosophy and occult and obscure ethnic believes. Stand and encounter with the Mongols of the mass of land and opened the new opinions and ideas and different from the people of that, plus a kind of necessary policy and strategy in how social interaction and contrast with men, especially in religion and their religious beliefs in social institutions not separable a large part of the structure and the Organization of the social life and the individual are not overshadowed was required to the Mongols new approach and specific religious in his relations. On the other hand look at the horizon and the type of thought and understanding the Mongols of the world, the life and political life and social, Following the passage of the Tribal land in a limited and closed initial, developed and access to resources and power the possibility for them to especially in the days of his reign and rule in Iran, a new procedure to institutions of transition in the society especially religion and religious minorities. Christianity and Christians what if in all history of Iran before and after Islam than in the multiplicity of The and a part of the Iranian society to the other official religions this period-Zoroastrian and Islam-very weak less and less by The, but escapes in this historical political sovereignty support time and the type of interaction with the system of government and the body of the Christian community and guide and protect political structure and economic times that special conditions and different from all of his life in Iran as the different political life and to prove his faith experience. The research approach is to Mongol princes patriarch Non-muslem Testament in their rule from the beginning Anúshírván to Ghazan Khan to study Christianity and Christians and the changes and its effects social this procedure and the approach to the results.

Aale-Bouyeh who had emanated from the north of Iran, was able to institute the first independent Shiite 's government in some extensive parts of Iran and Iraq and was able to rule over the Abasii 's caliphate. Propagation and deepen the culture of Shiite on extensive parts of central and western lands of Abasii's caliphate realm, was the most important consequences of bring to existence of Aale-Bouyeh.to study of these consequences and to evaluate the role of Aale-Bouyeh's princes is the aim of this article. the result showed that Shiites with support of Aale-Bouyeh could do their religious ceremonies easily and publicly. They also were able to mourn for Imam Hosein(pbuh) on day of Ashoora and performed Kadir party formally and obviously. Aale-Bouyeh renewed the holy places and provided the presence of pilgrim.call to prayer was propagated and the Alavian supervision was revived at that are.

The subject variety of historical sources- as literary, geographical and religious books– is the one of the most important issues in historiography. This different source which used in compilation of history in every period, step by step, became as the historical sources of this period. In the Seljuk era “Iranshahri thought” dominated the minds of Iranian historians, and it makes the first change in historian's thought. During the Mughal-Ilkhanid‟s era, historians began writing global histories, and as result, the second major change occurred in historical thought. After the Establishment of the Timurid rule, historians of this period inherited the traditions of the former Persian historians. Historiography of this period, despite the fact that certain features are- that addressing it requires a separate article- three steps behind: Timur, Shahrokh and Soltan Hosein Baygar's period. The key focus of this paper is a cursory examination of different historiography sources in Timurid era and understanding the different orientation of the authors and historians in writing this content. Therefore attempted to use the sources of modern historical studies of the period and the historical analysis and by considering the new methods, subjects and data were collected and compiled.

The book Tasmiyat Man Qotel Ma’ al-Husayn (the names of martyrs of Karbala) was written in the second century (A.H.) by Fozayl ibn Zobayr. 106 persons are named in this book as those who martyred in Karbala in defense of Imam al-Husayn. The importance of this book is that it is regarded among those old authentic sources in this regard. The author has mentioned some names that are considered in other authentic sources as the names of Imam al-Husayn‟s enemies, such as: Mohajir ibn Ous, Kathir ibn „Abdollah and Bokair ibn Hay. Following this book, some authors circulated this point. This article tries to show that this book is not reliable in spite of its oldness.

Esterabad province was one of the important provinces during various eras especially safavieh and Qajar, due to vicinity of Russia, connecting Mazandaran to Khorasan, …and on the other hand having favorable weather condition that made it possible for farming and plantation. The rules for breaking down provinces at Qajar era not only based on the strategic view of different areas but also on the presents that area governors send for the kings, that caused this province to be separated centralized with Esterabad. the issue emphasized the importance of this province.Fertile farms, many livestocks, and being a connecting link for import and export from neighbor hood countries and provinces created a suitable conditions for business and trade in this province.Bandar-e-gaz as the safe harbor for passangers and import and export was a specific feature that juice up to this area.here we should point to the Ashooradeh Island that used for trading too but not as important as Bandar-e-gaz.At the end, Esterabad province in addition to the significance of trading is one of the entrance for the northern neighbor countries that put this province as one of important provinces of the country.

Given his dominance in astronomy and foretelling about Maamoon‟s caliphate, Fazl Ibn Sahl could convince the caliph about his policies and perspectives and gain power in Khorasan and defeat Arab rivals. So, by choosing a bold and warrior Iranian called Taher Ibn Hosein, and by Khorasan‟s or even Maamoon’s army headship, he could establish Maamoon’s power and victory and grant him the caliphate post. Iranian‟s ability to resists Arabs is an indicative of Iranian secretaries of Abasian court‟s insight. One of their old wishes is gaining cultural independence and retrieving Iran‟s lost grandeur. To realize such an ideal, the scientific status and political power of Iranian within the government should be reinforced. Therefore, Fazl Ibn Sahl, like his precedents, benefited from Iranian forces in order to achieve Iran‟s independence. Unfortunately, given the Abasian‟s nature, Maamoon, like other caliphs, couldn‟t stand Iranian increasing power. On the other hand, Iranians didn‟t get along with him, which led to the death of Iranian secretaries.