Journal of Biodiversity and Ecological Sciences
Volume:3 Issue: 2, 2013

Achanakmar Sanctuary (557.55 km2 of forest area) was surveyed to study the loss of diversity of medicinal plants. Before a decade back this area was known as germplasm but after getting the knowledge, importance and economic value of a particular species of a medicine much exploitation has been done. Due to severe exploitation as study envisages the number of species found endangered from above four study sites. The species are Rauwolfia serpentina, Gloriosa superva, Dioscorea floribunda, and Zeranium species. So far heavy demand and supply is concerned the area should be fully protected and conserved through in-situ and ex-situ conservation strategy for remaining species of medicinal plants.

The high value of Nitrate in drinking water is a reason for0020changing Hemoglobin in children under 6 months and also out breaking other microbial diseases in all ages. Nitrate pollution occurs when the composition exceeds the value absorbed by the plants in the soil. Achieving this aim, which is the artificial nutrition of the sapling, is of high importance. That is because proper nutrition would decrease the time left to the grafting, saving money, decreasing the timing to produce the sapling presentable to the market. Moreover, applying too much fertilizer using the Spraying leaf Method would be prevented. In the meanwhile, Nitrogen would play a pivotal role in various kinds of citrus and sour orange. In study Urea fertilizer solution is sprayed in 4 level (0‚2‚5 and 10 in 1000) twice per month and Boric Acid in 4 level (0‚2‚3and 5 in 1000) once a month. The statistical analysis used was CRD with three replication. Factors including stem thickness‚ sapling height and The indicator of leaf surface Nitrogen and Boron concentration in leaves are measured and analyzed by MSTATC software. The results obtained from this study showed that using Urea fertilizer on height, leaf surface, Nitrogen and Boron value in the leaf has become statistically meaning full.

Chanderbadni sacred grove located in temperate zone (1850-2245m asl) in Tehri district of Garhwal Himalaya was studied to assess biomass and carbon stock estimation. The study was preliminary and aimed to make recommendations for different protocols and management authorities to include these types of forests in a class of viable carbon offset projects. Tree density observed was 688 trees ha-1, whereas total carbon density and total biomass density calculated were 587.190Mgha-1 and 1159.900Mgha-1. Highest tree density was calculated for Quercus leucotrichophora, while highest biomass and carbon density was observed for Cedrus deodara. Highest growing stock volume density (154.16±42.78) was also observed for Cedrus deodara, whereas lowest growing stock volume density (3.46±0.63) was calculated was for Swida Macrophylla.

For studying the influence of anthropogenic pressure on regeneration of forest species total 12 forest stands perpendicular to a river course were selected. The study site was severely impacted by anthropogenic disturbances. In the stands complete dominance by any one species was lacking except one stand where sal (Shorea robusta) species grew pure. In the present study the tree and sapling diversity was low in the stands located near the river bed with high anthropogenic disturbance. As the distance between the riverbed and stands increases the diversity increased. Similar pattern was also observed with the species richness. Richness increases on the stands which are far away from the riverbed with comparatively low anthropogenic disturbances. In the study area the regeneration of non-fodder species like Mallotus phillipensis had batter regeneration than good fodder species.

In this research a three-part mathematical model for eliminate the traffic air pollution by phytoremediation method based on root growth and death of plants in the system is presented. The model components are based on parameters with different volumes that each has first order determine degradation coefficient. When root moves in the soil, the soil placed in the layers cycle close to the roots (rhizosphere), the root death zone and of soil zone. So however in this model it assumed that the contamination is without moving and fixed but considering that the roots will penetrate in the soil, soil is closest to the rhizosphere. Therefore in this research to consider the root growth, the model is included the spatial grows (grows exponentially with the depth) and temporal growth (the sinusoidal variation with time). Neural network method used to set up and determine the model coefficient. In this regards used from soil contaminant data during 10 years in 4 research site besides Tehran highways.

Main phenomenon of climate change that is harmful for human being, increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Regarding to the potential of carbon storage in soil and plant tissues, this approach has a serious interest in recent decades. Due to the different climate zones in IRAN, share and amount of carbon sequestration in any of these areas need more contemplation. Therefore, the ability of soil carbon sequestration of mountain pastures in Kermanshah Province was studied in 3 height and 4 geographical aspects. Then, soil samples were taken from the areas that Astragalus Gossypinus and Astragalus Parrowianus grew at two depths of 0-30cm and 30-60cm. The amount of organic carbon, bulk density, electrical conductivity, pH, moisture content and soil texture in both depths of each soil profile were measured. Stepwise regression results also showed that texture parameters, bulk density and pH, respectively, were the most important factors affecting on soil organic carbon. Based on the results of data analysis using a completely randomized factorial design, significant differences were observed at 1% significance level between the two species and also in height between the classes and geographical aspect on soil carbon sequestration rates.Comparison of results based on SNK tests also indicates that, biggest amount of carbon sequestration taking place in the maximum height in the geographic north aspect. Also according to the results can be stated that capability of Soil Carbon Sequestration in Astragalus Parrowianus is more than Astragalus Gossypinus.

In forest ecosystems, organism biodiversity in ecosystem cycle is attentioned for forest and genetic resources preservation. Presences and diversity of bracket fungi have an important role as an important dissociating factors of wood in the forest. The aim of this study is considering of the effect of trees diameter on establishment, diversity and richness of bracket fungi. Two transects with a width of 50 meters had conducted randomly in the district level, in educational and research of shastkolateh forest. And all stand and fallen trees bearing bracket fungi were considered. Results indicated that fungi establishment increased by increasing the trees diameters, and the stand trees with more than 80m diameter and fallen trees with more than 40m diameter have more bracket fungi than other trees. The consideration of richness with margalef index, indicated the most richness in diameter class > 80cm of stand trees and 40cm of fallen trees. The examination of relationship of host trees diameter class with bracket fungi diversity indicated that there is significant difference between diameter class and bracket fungi diversity in 99% reliance level, comparison of bracket fungi diversity in stand and fallen trees characterized that there is significant difference between bracket fungi diversity in stand and fallen trees. Also it is characterized that in fallen trees, bracket fungi diversity is more than that of stand trees. That one of its causes is the quality of woods, which this fungi diversity increased by increasing the decaying and disintegrating.

Due to human pressures, living organisms in natural landscapes are in a critical condition. Protected areas are the last refuges to protect and maintain biodiversity.This research study assessed and monitored vegetations and wildlife within three secure locations 1:(C-poor condition) 2:(S-good condition), 3:(G-fair condition) of Bijar protected area in the west of Iran over 31000 ha.To study of vegetations 10 transects were established in each area, Pasture Value (PV) method was used to determine ranges condition.Data of seven seasons(summer and winter) were collected and used to evaluate wildlife condition.To compare means of rangelands factors include: Rangelands condition,vegetation cover,diversity and richness Analysis of variance was used and to compare wildlife frequency,diversity and richness Kruskal-Wallis Test was used. The results of rangelands show that, Shanonn-winer diversity index, species richness and evenness in fair rangeland are greater than the two other rangelands.The results of wildlife study during the study period showed that diversity index (Shannon-Weiner) and wildlife frequency were greater in fair rangelands.Wild sheep and Boar frequency on fair rangelands were higher than the two othere areas and had significant difference among the three areas.Ghamchogha secure location with fair condition was consider as a better habitate for wildlife.